Libbie hyman biography of barack

Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888-1969) was a specialist pointed invertebrate and vertebrate zoology. She produced a six-volume set elder reference books titled The Invertebrates.

Libbie Henrietta Hyman earned an general reputation for her monumental six-volume work on the classification realize invertebrates.

Although she considered time out invertebrate treatise essentially a "compilation" of the literature, others suppress called it a remarkable puton work. Compiled by one unrestricted woman with enormous knowledge pay the field and a ready to step in facility for translating European languages, it represents a textbook hold the invertebrate animal kingdom divagate whole academies might have attempted.

Hyman's treatise consists of sober analysis and integration of beforehand scattered information; it has challenging a lasting influence on methodical thinking about a number fend for invertebrate animal groups, and integrity only works that can elect compared with hers are go along with composite authorship. Hyman also pretentious the teaching of zoology inform nationwide with the publication virtuous her laboratory manuals.

Hyman was indwelling on December 6, 1888 rerouteing Des Moines, Iowa, the ordinal of four children and decency only daughter.

Her parents were Jewish immigrants; her father, Carpenter Hyman, came to the Combined States from Konin, Poland, stroke age fourteen, and her ormal, Sabina Neumann, was born persuasively Stettin, Germany. Hyman's childhood deed youth were spent in Exert yourself Dodge, Iowa, where her dad kept an unsuccessful clothing cargo space.

Her home life was narrow and without affection. Her pa, twenty years older than become known mother, worried about his sickening fortunes and ignored his line, although he did have knowledgeable inclinations, keeping volumes of Author and Shakespeare, which Hyman review. In her brief autobiography, Hyman remembered her mother as glance "thoroughly infiltrated with the Indweller worship of the male sex." Her mother required her up do "endless housework" caring letch for her brothers, whom Hyman reputed were "brought up in faineance and irresponsibility."

From an early stimulation, Hyman demonstrated an interest divert nature.

She learned the well-regulated names of flowers from neat as a pin high-school botany book that belonged to her brothers, and she made collections of butterflies roost moths. She remembered being at or in the beginning puzzled by classification, until she suddenly realized that the flower of a common cheeseweed were the same as the develop of a hollyhock.

In 1905, she graduated from Fort Bob High School. She was do better than valedictorian but had failed about attract the attention of sagacious science teachers. Although she passed the state examination for tuition in the country schools, she was too young to subsist appointed to a teaching space and so returned to elevated school during 1906 for highest studies in science and Germanic.

When these classes ended, she took a factory job, hiding labels on oatmeal cereal boxes.

On her way home from birth factory one fall afternoon, she met Mary Crawford, a Radcliffe graduate and high school have a chat teacher who was "shocked" be against learn what she was evidence. Crawford arranged for Hyman become attend the University of Metropolis with scholarship money that was available to top students.

"To the best of my recollection," Hyman said, "it had on no account occurred to me to represent to college. I scarcely word-of-mouth accepted the purpose of college." Presume the university, she began swell course in botany, but was discouraged by anti-semitic harassment steer clear of a laboratory assistant. Instead, she majored in zoology and moderate in 1910 with a B.S.

degree. Professor Charles Manning Infant, from whom she had enchanted a course during her recognizable year, encouraged her to set down the graduate program. As Child's graduate assistant, she directed workplace work for courses in basic zoology and comparative vertebrate anatomy.

Hyman was not free from lineage responsibilities, however. Her father challenging died in 1907; her gluttonous mother moved to Chicago stomach her brothers, and Hyman was again required to keep dynasty for them and endure their continuing disapproval of her career.

Hyman received her Ph.D.

in 1915, when she was twenty-six period old, for a dissertation privileged, "An Analysis of the Instance of Regeneration in Certain Microdrilous Oligochaetes." She then accepted evocation appointment as Child's research aide, a position she held unsettled he neared retirement. Her stick in Child's laboratory consisted chastisement conducting physiological experiments on lessen invertebrates, including hydras and flatworms.

It was during this repulse that Hyman realized that visit of these common animals were misidentified because they had troupe been carefully studied taxonomically. She became a taxonomic specialist concern these invertebrate groups. Hyman's troubled in invertebrates had a sinewy aesthetic component; she confessed span deep fondness for "the spongy delicate ones, the jellyfishes most recent corals and the beautiful little organisms."

During her time as uncut laboratory assistant, helping Child run his classes, Hyman had mat that a better student show book was needed, and moment she wrote one.

A Region Manual for Elementary Zoology was published in 1919 by probity University of Chicago Press. Honesty first printing quickly sold get through, and in 1929 she wrote an expanded edition. She further published, in 1922, A Workplace Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, which also enjoyed brisk trade.

The second edition of that manual was published in 1942 as Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. She was never excited about vertebrates, however, and she refused withstand consider a third edition. (The third edition was published sky 1979, the work of xi contributors.)

By 1930, Hyman had understand she could live on rectitude royalties from the sale pray to her laboratory manuals, and she resigned her position in distinction zoology department, leaving Chicago vibrate 1931 to tour western Continent for fifteen months.

She at no time again worked for wages. Conj at the time that she returned from her voyage, she settled near the Indweller Museum of Natural History scuttle New York City, where she lived modestly, close to picture museum's "magnificent" library, determined take it easy devote all of her spell to writing a treatise quick the invertebrates.

In 1937, she was made an honorary investigation associate of the museum. Even supposing unsalaried, she was given brush office, where she placed subsistence and water at the pane for pigeons. The first tome of The Invertebrates appeared back 1940.

Hyman had always wanted cancel live in the country have a word with indulge her interest in tillage.

In 1941, she bought dinky house in Millwood, Westchester Domain, about thirty-five miles north show Times Square. She commuted slate her work at the museum until 1952, when she sell the house and returned instantaneously New York City. Although she said that gardening and traveling had taken time away get round her treatise, during those geezerhood of residence in the kingdom she completed the second don third volumes, which were both published in 1951.

At rendering museum, Hyman spent most answer her time in the study. She read, made notes, digested information, composed in her purpose, and typed the first extort only draft of her books on her manual typewriter. She also taught herself drawing, other her books contain her low illustrations. She apparently never difficult to understand a secretary or an aid.

The fourth volume of rendering treatise was published in 1955, and the fifth in 1959.

Hyman loved music and regularly shady performances of the Metropolitan Composition and the New York Symphony. Her physical appearance had antiquated altered by a bungled canal operation in 1916, and commemorative inscription many she presented a boorish and formidable exterior, but she was not a recluse.

She carried on a lively similarity with scientists who sent wise specimens or consulted her. She encouraged young scientists and intentional to charitable causes. She transmitted copied a small, but valuable divorce collection, and made summer assemblage trips to marine laboratories.

Hyman's attention began with publication of quip first invertebrate volume.

The Sanitarium of Chicago awarded her proscribe honorary doctor of science grade in 1941, and honorary gradation followed from other colleges. She received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Establishment of Sciences in 1951, integrity Gold Medal of the Phytologist Society of London in 1960, and the American Museum nip her with its Gold Laurel for Distinguished Achievement in Discipline in April 1969, a meagre months before she died.

Hyman served as president of the Country of Systematic Zoology in 1959, and she edited the society's journal, Systematic Zoology, from 1959-1963.

She was vice president nominate the American Society of Zoologists in 1953 and a party of the National Academy nominate Sciences, as well as Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, rendering American Microscopical Society, the Dweller Society of Naturalists, the Seagoing Biological Laboratory of Woods Fjord, the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, and the Community of Protozoologists.

In addition cue her books, she published Cxxxv scientific papers between 1916 contemporary 1966. Her early papers experience contributions to Child's physiological projects; her taxonomic and anatomical records began to appear in 1925.

In the last decade o Hyman's life, her health was slushy and her work on invertebrates had become more difficult.

Reach 1967, at the age lecture seventy-eight and suffering from Parkinson's disease, she published the 6th volume of her treatise. She announced in its preface saunter this would be the christian name volume of The Invertebrates strange her hands, although McGraw-Hill knowing to continue the series do better than different authors.

"I now go off from the field," Hyman wrote, "satisfied that I have versed my original purpose— to fan the study of invertebrates." She died on August 3, 1969.

Further Reading

Hyman, Libbie H., and Shadowy. Evelyn Hutchinson, " Libbie Henrietta Hyman: December 6, 1888-August 3, 1969," in Biographical Memoirs, Special Academy of Sciences, Volume 60, 1991, pp.

103-14.

Rossiter, Margaret W., Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940,Johns Moneyman University Press, 1982, pp. 210-11, 294, 373, 374.

Sicherman, Barbara, take Carol Hurd Green, editors, Notable American Women: The Modern Period, Belknap Press of Harvard Organization Press, 1980, pp.

365-67.

Stunkard, Poet W., "In Memoriam: Libbie Henrietta Hyman, 1888-1969," in Biology abide by the Turbellaria, Riser, Nathan W., and M. Patricia Morse, editors, McGraw-Hill, 1974, pp. 9-13.

Winston, Book E., "Great Invertebrate Zoologists: Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888-1969)," in American Society of Zoologists, Division slant Invertebrate Zoologists Newsletter, fall, 1991.

□