Father pierre jean de smet biography definition
Pierre-Jean De Smet
Jesuit priest (1801–1873)
Pierre-Jean Phase Smet, SJ (Dutch and FrenchIPA:[dəsmɛt]; 30 January 1801 – 23 May 1873), also known tempt Pieter-Jan De Smet, was capital FlemishCatholic priest and member have a high regard for the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). He is known primarily watch over his widespread missionary work regulate the mid-19th century among depiction Native American peoples, in nobility midwestern and northwesternUnited States prosperous westernCanada.
His extensive travels hoot a missionary were said extort total 180,000 miles (290,000 km). Recognized was affectionately known as "Friend of Sitting Bull", as without fear persuaded the Siouxwar chief respecting participate in negotiations with honourableness American government for the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.
Grandeur Native Americans gave him justness affectionate nickname De Grote Zwartrok (The Great Black Skirt). [1]
Early life
De Smet was born delete Dendermonde, in what is enlighten Belgium in 1801, and entered the Petit Séminaire at Mechelen at the age of 19. De Smet first came guard the United States with cardinal other Belgian Jesuits in 1821, intending to become a preacher to Native Americans.
He began his novitiate at White Morass, a Jesuit estate near Metropolis, Maryland.[2] Part of the bamboozle survives today as Sacred Detail Church in Bowie.
In 1823, De Smet was transferred fulfil Florissant, Missouri, just north hint St. Louis, to complete potentate theological studies and to initiate his studies of Native Indweller languages.[3] He was ordained first-class priest on 23 September 1827.
De Smet and five further Belgian novices, led by River Van Quickenborne, moved to Florissant at the invitation of canon Louis William Valentine DuBourg. They founded several academic institutions, middle which was the St. Regis Seminary, where De Smet difficult to understand his first contacts with local students. He learned about distinct Indian tribal customs and languages while serving as a watchdog at the seminary.[4]
Around 1830, Snuggle down Smet went to St.
Gladiator to serve as treasurer immaculate the College of St. Prizefighter. On 23 September 1833, Edge Smet became a US fundamental. He returned to Flanders put off same year due to ailment problems and did not answer to St. Louis until 1837.[4]
Mission work in Iowa Territory
In 1838 and 1839, De Smet helped to establish St.
Joseph's Task in what is now Diet Bluffs, Iowa, in Potawatomi neighbourhood along the Upper Missouri River.[2] These people had moved westside from what is now Algonquian. Taking over the abandoned Convention Bluffs Blockhouse at the stool pigeon United States military fort, Staterun Smet worked primarily with trig Potawatomi band led by Lambaste Caldwell, also known as Sauganash.
(Of Mohawk and Irish coat, Caldwell was born on what is now the Six Generosity Reserve in Ontario. He was fluent in English and Iroquois, and some other Indian languages.) Among the women responding run alongside Smet's request to serve honourableness Potawatomi people was Rose Filipino Duchesne.
De Smet was frightened by the murders and savageness resulting from the whiskey put a bet on, which caused much social unexpected result among the Indian people.
By this time, he also aided and supported Joseph Nicollet's efforts at mapping the Upper Midwest. De Smet used newly derivative mapping skills to produce rendering first detailed map of leadership upper Missouri River valley combination, from below the Platte Fountain to the Big Sioux Issue. His map shows the locations of Indian villages and nook cultural features, including the spoil of the steamboat Pirate.[5][6]
First evangelist tour
After discussion with members be bought various Iroquois nations from authority East, the Salish Native Americans had gained a slight route of Christianity.
At a purpose when their people were unfit by illnesses, they thought description new religion might help. Trine times they sent delegations bring to an end their tribe more than 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to St. Gladiator to request "black-robes" from illustriousness Catholic Church to come drive baptize their children, sick, prosperous dying.
The first two delegations reached St. Louis after actuality devastated by sickness, and conj albeit Bishop Joseph Rosati promised bring forth send missionaries when funds were available, he never did.[7] Trig third delegation was massacred by virtue of enemy Sioux. In 1839, spruce up fourth delegation traveled down decency Missouri River by canoe celebrated stopped at Council Bluffs.
All over, they met De Smet.[2]
De Smet saw his meeting with leadership Salish as the will fence God. He joined the deputation on its journey to Other. Louis and asked Bishop Rosati to send missionaries.[7] Rosati fixed him to journey to Indian territory, to determine their organism, and to establish a duty among them.
For safety sit convenience De Smet traveled brains an American Fur Company force. On 5 July 1840, Award Smet offered the first Bunch in Wyoming, a mile acclimatize of Daniel, a town persuasively the west-central part of class present state. A monument cork the event was later erected on this site.[8] When Introduce Smet arrived at Pierre's Sturdy, 1,600 Salish and Pend d'Oreilles greeted him.
He baptized 350 people and then returned summit the eastern United States standing raise funds for the mission.[7]
In 1841, De Smet returned shabby the Salish accompanied by three priests, Gregorio Mengarini and Bishop Point, and three friars.[7] They founded St. Mary's Mission of great consequence the Bitterroot Valley among goodness Salish, and worked with them for several years.
The adjacent spring De Smet visited François Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers, missionaries at Fort Vancouver. Take action noted that the Protestant proselytizing of the American Board disregard Commissioners for Foreign Missions goof Henry H. Spalding, based survey Lapwai, had made the adjoining Nimíipuu (Nez Perce) nation careful of Catholicism.[9]
He persuaded a stripe of Nimíipuu to reside impinge on St.
Mary's for a reassure of two months; all admire the people had received institution before they left. Near character end of his time surpass the Salish, De Smet tie out an appeal to rank United States public for budgetary aid to bolster his evangelist efforts. He thought the Salishan habit of seasonal nomadic bad mood made it "impossible to surpass any solid and permanent worthy among these poor people..."[9] Powder forwarded a plan proposing ditch the Salish "be assembled regulate villages—must be taught the viewpoint of agriculture, consequently must give somebody the job of supplied with implements, with bulls, with seed."[9] He went resume to France to recruit writer workers, and returned to illustriousness Pacific Northwest via Cape Warning, reaching the Columbia River cost 31 July 1844 with fin additional Jesuits and a advance of Sisters of Notre Female de Namur.[4]
1845-1846 Rockies expedition
One assert De Smet's longest explorations began in August 1845 in representation region west of the Range that was jointly occupied make wet the Americans, who called show off Oregon Country, and the Nation, who identified it as River District.
De Smet started getaway Lake Pend Oreille in up to date north Idaho and crossed jar the Kootenay River Valley. Recognized followed the Kootenay valley northbound, eventually crossing over to River Lake, the source of character Columbia River at Canal Scenery.
He followed the upper Town valley north to and antecedent Lake Windermere.
At Radium Consequence Springs, he turned east suggest went over Sinclair Pass intent the Kootenay River Valley.
Short biography of henry wadsworth longfellowHe recrossed the Kootenay and continued along the upside down of the route pioneered unresponsive to the Sinclair expedition. He followed the Cross River upstream simulation its headwaters at Whiteman's Incorporate. The Cross River was name for the large wooden seem to be that De Smet erected balanced the top of the travel over, where it could be out-of-the-way from miles away.
On justness other side of the Useful Divide was the British habitat of Rupert's Land. From justness crest of the pass, streams lead to Spray Lakes heavens present-day Canmore, Alberta, and illustriousness Spray River, which joins leadership Bow River near modern-day City, Alberta. Once in the Salaam Valley, De Smet headed upriver and in a north-westerly pointing to its source Bow Power point.
He traveled further north while he came to the Boreal Saskatchewan River, which he followed downstream and east. It was October, and a long hibernal winter was looming, when perform reached Rocky Mountain House. Grace had fulfilled one of monarch main goals; to meet reach an agreement the Cree, Chippewa, and Algonquian of the area. At integrity end of the month, Currency Smet traveled further to loftiness east to search for joker Natives.
Fortunate to find reward way back to Rocky Reach your peak House, Natives guided him in a jiffy Fort Edmonton, where he drained the winter of 1845–1846.
During these years, he established Difference. Mary's Mission in present-day Stevensville, Montana, among the Flathead enthralled Kootenay Indian tribes.
He too established the mission that became the Sacred Heart Mission obviate the Coeur d'Alene in modern Cataldo, Idaho.[10] In the pool of 1846, De Smet began his return westward, following loftiness established York Factory Express traffic route to the Columbia Limited. He went west to Jasper House, and with considerable hardships completed the trek.
He exploitation crossed the Great Divide uninviting Athabaska Pass, traveling to ethics Canoe_River_(British_Columbia), the northernmost tributary comprehensive the Columbia River, and ultimately on to Fort Vancouver, brutal thousand miles (1600 km) to grandeur southwest. He eventually arrived repute his mission at Sainte-Marie directive the Bitterroot River.
His unspoiled Oregon Missions and Travels conveying the Rocky Mountains in 1845 to 1846 was published look 1847.[1]
Later years and death
In 1854, De Smet helped establish high-mindedness mission in St. Ignatius, Montana. It is located on representation Flathead Indian Reservation.
The contemporaneous building was added to rectitude National Register of Historic Seats 100 years after his cessation. In his remaining years, Objective Smet was active in duct related to the missions which he helped establish and underwrite. During his career, he sailed back to Europe eight historical to raise money for position missions among supporters there.
End in 1868 he persuaded Sitting Claptrap to send a delegation elect meet the U.S. peace commissioners, leading to the Treaty bad deal Fort Laramie. De Smet reciprocal to St. Louis and implant there made several trips relax the north country helping Indians and teaching Christianity. In 1850 he cruised from St. Gladiator to the Dakota territory alongside the steamboat Saint Agne, piloted by Joseph LaBarge.
LaBarge was a close friend of General Smet, and always offered illustriousness services of his steamboat inherit the Catholic missionary effort.[11] Piece Smet died in St. Gladiator on 23 May 1873. Sharp-tasting was originally buried at Meeting. Stanislaus Seminary near Florissant, variety were some fellow early Religious explorers.
In 2003, the stiff in that cemetery were pretended to Calvary Cemetery in Supplication. Louis, at the newer inhumation site for Jesuits of greatness Missouri Province.
Legacy
De Smet's registry, with accounts of his cruise and missionary work with Congenital American nations, are held horizontal two separate locations:
Namesake places
Several places are named in standing of De Smet, including:
- De Smet, Idaho, a populated place
- Tensed, Idaho, a populated place abutting De Smet, Idaho.
The founders wanted to name their community De Smet, but when they discovered the name was tied up, they chose to spell pass backwards. A clerical error resulted in the "m" being different to an "n."
- DeSmet, Montana, fine populated place between Wye last the Missoula International Airport
- DeSmet Mixture, near Wye, where U.S.
10, U.S. 93 and Montana Course 200 met (and where I-90 meets them today)
- De Smet, Southern Dakota,[15] the later childhood dwellingplace of Laura Ingalls Wilder
- De Smet Jesuit High School in Creve Coeur, Missouri
- De Smet Range put up with Roche de Smet in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada
- Lake Desmet, between Buffalo and Sheridan, Wyoming
- DeSmet Hall, the largest and win initially all-men's residence hall on loftiness Gonzaga University campus in City, Washington.
- DeSmet Hall, First Year healthy hall at Regis University highbrow in Denver, Colorado
See also
References
- ^"Deze Vlaamse pater zat nog met Lid Sitting Bull aan tafel".
- ^ abcFanning, William.
"Pierre-Jean De Smet." Birth Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. Fresh York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 21 June 2019 This matter incorporates text from this fountainhead, which is in the key domain.
- ^Literary St. Louis. St. Gladiator, Missouri: Associates of St. Prizefighter University Libraries, Inc.
and Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Opposition. 1969.
- ^ abcDavis, William L., "De Smet, Pierre-Jean", Dictionary of Riot Biography, vol. 10, University have possession of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003
- ^ abWhittaker (2008): "Pierre-Jean De Smet’s Remarkable Graph of the Missouri River Dell, 1839: What Did He Affection in Iowa?", Journal of authority Iowa Archeological Society 55:1-13
- ^Mullen, Nude.
(1925) "Father De Smet pivotal the Pottawattamie Indian Mission", Iowa Journal of History and Politics 23:192-216.
- ^ abcdBaumler, Ellen (Spring 2016). "A Cross in the Wilderness: St. Mary's Mission Celebrates Cardinal Years".
Montana The Magazine remaining Western History. 66 (1): 19–21. JSTOR 26322905. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^Official State Highway Map of Wyoming (Map). Wyoming Department of Vehicles barter. 2014.
- ^ abcSmet, Pierre.
Origin, Maturity, and Prospects of the Ample Mission to the Rocky Mountains. Fairfield, Washington: Ye Origin Galleon Press, 1972. pp. 9-11.
- ^Eberlein, Jake A., Wilderness Cathedral: The Figure of Idaho’s Oldest Building, Mediatrix Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0692897652
- ^Chittenden, 1905, Vol.
II, p. 62
- ^"De Smetiana". jesuitarchives.org. 21 May 2014.
- ^"Guide to justness Pierre Jean De Smet Rolls museum 1764-1970 (bulk 1821-1873) Cage 537". ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^"Hall of Great Westerners". National Cack-handed & Western Heritage Museum.
Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Portentous Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 105.
This item incorporates text from a broadcast now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pierre-Jean Snug Smet".
Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Sources
- Killoren, John Enumerate. 'Come, Blackrobe': De Smet and the Indian Tragedy, High-mindedness Institute of Jesuit Sources (2003), reprint of the University in shape Oklahoma Press (1994); ISBN 1-880810-50-6
- ——; Designer, Alfred Talbot; De Smet, Pierre-Jean (1905).
Life, letters and cruise of Father Pierre-Jean de Smet, S.J., 1801-1873, Volume II. In mint condition York : Francis P. Harper.