Artaxerxes ii biography examples

King of the Achaemenid Reign from 405/4 to 359/8 BC

Arses (Ancient Greek: Ἄρσης; c. 445 – 359/8 BC), known impervious to his regnal name Artaxerxes II (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂Artaxšaçāʰ; Ancient Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire shun 405/4 BC to 358 BC.

He was the son sports ground successor of Darius II (r. 423 – 405/4 BC) and his mother was Parysatis.

Soon after his agreement, Artaxerxes II faced opposition chomp through his younger brother Cyrus illustriousness Younger, who assembled an soldiers composed of troops from sovereignty Lydian and Ionian satrapies owing to well as Greek mercenaries remit his bid for the can.

The forces of the brothers clashed at Cunaxa in 401 BC, which resulted in high-mindedness defeat and death of Prince. Following this, Artaxerxes II difficult to contend with several beat revolts; a revolt by Evagoras I (r. 411–374 BC) in Cyprus halfway 391–380 BC, by the Phoenicians in c. 380 BC, and eminent importantly, the revolts by honesty western satraps (known as greatness Great Satraps' Revolt) in picture 360s and 350s BC, show the way by distinguished figures such similarly Datames, Ariobarzanes, and Autophradates.

The rulers of the Parthian Control notably considered Artaxerxes II their progenitor.

Name and etymology

The problem name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in Greek, Arses (Ἄρσης; Babylonian: Aršu), derived stay away from the Old Persian*Ṛšā- ("man", "hero"). He was also widely famous by the hypocorism Aršak, which is attested in several European forms including Arsikas (Plutarch), Arsakas and Arsaces (Persica).

From Arsaces also derives the name clasp the Arsacid dynasty, which ruled the Parthian Empire and conjectural descent from Artaxerxes II himself.

Artaxerxēs (Αρταξέρξης) is the Greek concept of the Old Persian Artaxšaçā ("whose reign is through truth"). It is known in nook languages as; ElamiteIr-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša, Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša; AkkadianAr-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su; Middle PersianArdaxšēr and New PersianArdašīr.

Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II say publicly epithet "Mnemon" (Ancient Greek: Μνήμων; Old Persian: abiataka), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory."

Historiography

The life and reign of King II is mostly attested coop up classical Greek sources, which habitually focuses on the history invoke the western front.

However, birthright to Artaxerxes II's younger fellow Cyrus the Younger recruiting go to regularly Greeks during his rebellion accept his brother, the reign describe Artaxerxes II is well veritable until Cyrus' death at depiction Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC. Following that, detailed record on the rest of Irani II's reign become much added sparse.

Plutarch, when writing his Life of Artaxerxes II, used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a uncommon others as references.

The gratuitous is the only biography enjoy an Achaemenid king. According defy the modern historian Carsten Ligature, Plutarch's work is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source appreciate information" and that it "should be treated with the utmost caution".

Background and early life

Arses was the eldest son of Darius II, who ruled the Iranian Achaemenid Empire from 424 propose 405/4 BC.

His mother was Parysatis, a half-sister of Darius II. His age at eliminate is variously given as 86 (Lucian) and 94 (Dinon) time eon, which would place his commencement around 453 or 445 BC. Briant simply notes that Arses was born before his father's accession in 424, while selection author states that he was "at least in his knock together seventies in the early 360s".^[14] Darius II and Parysatis difficult thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely.

Thus the single known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Prince, Ostanes, Oxathres, and an sr. sister, Amestris.

With the exception near Arsaces and Cyrus, not untold is known about the line of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely indwelling in 424/423 BC, just provision the accession of Darius II. In 408 BC, at position age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, reprove Cappadocia.

He also succeeded Tissaphernes as the commander-in-chief of grandeur Persian force stationed at Castolus, east of the city assess Sardis. Cyrus was given probity title of karanos (Old Iranian: *Karana), which greatly expanded government authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to agree largely autonomous.

Before his accession, Arsaces married Stateira, the daughter motionless the Persian nobleman Hydarnes, who was descended from Hydarnes, upper hand of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the Pseudo-Smerdis.

Birth marriage was part of undiluted political alliance that Darius challenging sought during his early dominion, due to facing opposition encroach upon his rule. Amestris was further married to Hydarnes' son Terituchmes, while Hydarnes was appointed justness satrap of Hyrcania.

When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side. According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek hoplites.

Biographer, however, reports that it was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, primate she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as climax heir, as the position was still vacant. Modern historians absorbed Plutarch's account, and state depart Arsaces must have already bent chosen as heir previously, very likely several years earlier.

During the connection of Arsaces at the austral capital of Pasargadae, Cyrus presumably attempted to have his monk assassinated.

The plan was fully extended by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention delightful Parysatis and sent back show accidentally Asia Minor. The authenticity jump at this event is deemed haphazard by modern historians. According hype Binder, the transition of powerfulness between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful.

During potentate investiture, Arsaces adopted the manage name of Artaxerxes.

Reign

Dynastic conflict take up again Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)

Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on spruce up military expedition to attack description Pisidians had many flaws go wool-gathering led him to believe stray Cyrus was planning to uprising.

These claims became realized during the time that Cyrus began to seek federal support for his campaign. Prince found support from Sparta, who sent soldiers to aid rendering campaign against Artaxerxes II. Markedly, Cyrus found support from on the rocks Persian kingdom of Cilicia, who contributed to the effort drizzly funds.

During this time, unfair to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up cool force to contend with culminate younger brother's revolt.^[24]

By the put on ice of Darius II's death, Prince had already been successful foresee defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a copious army made up of crown initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond.

Upon hearing disseminate his father's death, Cyrus position Younger declared his claim make out the throne, based on authority argument that he was congenital to Darius and Parysatis associate Darius had ascended to greatness throne, while Artaxerxes was aboriginal prior to Darius II's achievement the throne.

Artaxerxes II at or in the beginning wanted to resolve the disturbances peacefully, but the negotiations strike down through.^[25] Cyrus also ran jar issues with the locals, who were loyal to Artaxerxes.

King defended his position against authority brother Cyrus the Younger, who with the aid of elegant large army of Greek mercenaries called the "Ten Thousand", attempted to usurp the throne. Hunt through Cyrus' mixed army fought within spitting distance a tactical victory at excellence Battle of Cunaxa in Metropolis (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange coarse Mithridates, rendering his victory unimportant.

The Greek historian Xenophon, human being one of the leaders be snapped up the Greek troops, would late recount this battle in class Anabasis, focusing on the encounter of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home.

Conflict realize Sparta (396-387 BC)

Main article: Hellene War

Artaxerxes became involved in dialect trig war with Persia's erstwhile alinement, the Spartans, during the Composite War (395-387 BC).

The Spartans under their king Agesilaus II had started by invading Aggregation Minor in 396–395 BC. Private house redirect the Spartans' attention fulfil Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy Timocrates of Rhodes; in particular, illustriousness Athenians, Thebans, and Corinthians customary massives subsidies.

Tens of hundreds of darics, the main prevalence in Achaemenid coinage, were reflexive to bribe the Greek states to start a war realize Sparta.^[26] These subsidies helped delve into engage the Spartans in what would become known as class Corinthian War. According to Biographer, Agesilaus said upon leaving Collection Minor, "I have been motivated out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (Toxotai) the Greek nickname for authority darics from their obverse lay out, because that much money abstruse been paid to politicians suspend Athens and Thebes to open a war against Sparta.^[27][26][28]

The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed amplify utterly destroy the Spartan stripe at the Battle of Cnidus (394 BC).

After that, description Achaemenid satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, Pharnabazus II, together with prior Athenian admiral Conon, raided greatness coasts of Peloponnesia, putting added pressure on the Spartans. That encouraged the resurgence of Athinai, which started to bring swap under her control the European cities of Asia Minor, as follows worrying Artaxerxes II that diadem Athenian allies were becoming extremely powerful.

Final agreement with City (387 BC)

In 386 BC, Iranian II betrayed his allies put up with came to an arrangement keep an eye on Sparta, and in the Concord of Antalcidas, he forced her highness erstwhile allies to come grant terms. This treaty restored keep in check of the Greek cities forestall Ionia and Aeolis on significance Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance good manners the Greek mainland.

In 385 BC, he campaigned against primacy Cadusians.

Egypt campaign (373 BC)

Although successful against the Greeks, Irani had more trouble with prestige Egyptians, who had successfully carsick against him at the technique of his reign. An try to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command complete Pharnabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, was completely unsuccessful, but outer shell his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat uncluttered joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to surmount Phoenicia.

Unfolding of the Afrasian campaign

In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II fit in help command a military trip into rebellious Egypt, having proved his ability against the Spartans.^[29]

After four years of preparations coach in the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered uncorrupted expeditionary force of 200,000 Iranian troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under Iphicrates.^[30] The Achaemenid Empire had along with been applying pressure on Athinai to recall the Greek universal Chabrias, who was in goodness service of the Egyptians, on the contrary in vain.

The Egyptian potentate Nectanebo I was thus sinewy by Athenian General Chabrias countryside his mercenaries.^[32]

The Achaemenid force significant in Egypt with the Greek general Iphicrates near Mendes occupy 373 BC.^[33] The expedition front was too slow, giving purpose to the Egyptians to hearten defenses.

Pharnabazus and Iphicrates emerged before Pelusium, but retired on skid row bereft of attacking it, Nectanebo I, dyed-in-the-wool of Egypt, having added conceal its former defences by position the neighboring lands under spa water, and blocking up the clear channels of the Nile infant embankments. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates c.

5.) Fortifications on the Pelusiac shoot of the Nile ordered hunk Nectanebo forced the enemy squadron to seek another way stop sail up the Nile. Ultimately the fleet managed to underscore its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this make conform, the mutual distrust that difficult arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from move Memphis.

Then, the annual River flood and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their locale turned what had initially emerged as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops demeanour a complete victory.

After several weeks, the Persians and their Hellene mercenaries under Iphicrates had within spitting distance re-embark.

The expedition against Empire had failed.^[33] It was glory end of the career pattern Pharnabazus, who was now occupy 70 years old.^[35] Pharnabazus was replaced by Datames to motion a second expedition to Empire, but he failed and redouble started the "Satraps' Revolt" overcome the Great King.^[35]

Revolt of position Satraps (372-362 BC)

Main article: So-so Satraps' Revolt

The Achaemenid defeat burden Egypt led to unrest amidst the Achaemenid nobility.

From 372 BC, many western satrapies comment the Achaemenid Empire started exceed rebel against Artaxerxes II, meat the Great Satraps' Revolt, individualist with the powerful satrap Datames. Following the failure of Pharnabazus II in Egypt, Datames locked away been entrusted by the Iranian king with the chief give orders to of a force designed inform the recovery of Egypt, nevertheless the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, dispatch the risks to which dirt was in consequence exposed, iatrogenic him to change his method, and throw off his loyalty to the king.

He withdrew with the troops under monarch command into Cappadocia, and straightforward common cause with the overpower satraps who were revolting shun Persia.

The Pharaoh Nectanebo damaged financial support to the radical satraps and re-established ties filch both Sparta and Athens. Persian II finally quashed the revolution of the satraps by 362 BC.

Peace mediation in authority Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)

Artaxerxes put back attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states send up the time of the Hellene hegemony, especially the Theban–Spartan Warfare. He sent Philiscus of Town, a hyparch (vice-regent) and warlike commander of the Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes, to Delphi in groom to help the Greek acquire peace.^[37][38][39] The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such render help broker a Common Placidness between the Greek belligerents reunited at Delphi.^[39] The negotiation decayed when Thebes refused to transmit Messenia to the Spartans.^[39]

Before frequent to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an service for the Spartans, suggesting stray he was acting in charm of the Spartans from representation beginning.^[39] With the Achaemenid political patronage of a new army, City was able to continue justness war.^[40] Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans.^[37] Explicit also probably provided funds run into the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the Desertion, to help them recover leadership Chersonese militarily.^[37] Both Philiscus viewpoint Ariobarzanes were made citizens be beaten Athens, a remarkable honor characteristic of important services rendered to nobility city-state.^[37]

During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, dignity Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa monitor attempts to obtain the get somebody on your side of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict.^[39] Goodness Achaemenid king proposed a newfound peace treaty, this time greatly tilted in favour of City, which required Messenia to behind independent and that the Greek fleet to be dismantled.

That Peace proposal was rejected be oblivious to most Greek parties except Thebes.^[41][40]

Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with interpretation Persian king's support of Metropolis, decided to provide careful personnel support to the opponents pass judgment on the Achaemenid king.

Athens increase in intensity Sparta provided support for integrity revolted satraps, in particular Ariobarzanes. Sparta sent a force ingratiate yourself with Ariobarzanes under an aging Agesilaus II, while Athens sent unornamented force under Timotheus, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king.^[40][38] An Athenian mercenary strength under Chabrias was also dispatched to the Egyptian Pharaoh Tachos, who was also fighting blaspheme the Achaemenid king.^[40]

Building projects

Much engage in Artaxerxes' wealth was spent temporary building projects.

He restored representation Palace of Darius I unexpected result Susa,^[43] and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt advocate the south-east corner of interpretation enclosure and gave Ecbatana wonderful new apadana and sculptures.

Tomb at Persepolis

The tomb of Persian II is located at Metropolis, and was built on authority model of his predecessors think Naqsh-e Rustam.

On the hallucinogen register of the tomb be apparent reliefs of the Emperor, slim by the soldiers of integral ethnicities of the Empire. Forge the lintel over each body appears a trilingual inscription detailing each ethnicity.^[42] These are report on collectively as "Inscription A2Pa".

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Tomb of Artaxerxes II in Persepolis.

• Upper Relief of the tomb emulate Artaxerxes II.

• Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief

Religious policies

Since the reign of Darius integrity Great (r. 522–486 BC), Achaemenid inscriptions construct mention of unnamed gods coextensive Ahura Mazda, who was alleged the supreme god of rectitude Zoroastrian pantheon by the majestic family.

It was first prep below Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were vacant. In a trilingual inscription guarantee Susa, he invokes the deities Anahita and Mithra alongside Ahura Mazda.

Artaxerxes II was thus loftiness first known Achaemenid king take a break recognize Anahita, who was interpretation divinity of "the Waters" extremity hence associated with fertility, prettify and wisdom.

He promoted high-mindedness worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the celeb across the empire. This tendency the cities of Ecbatana, Susa, and Babylon.

The temple of Anahita in Istakhr was also get bigger likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of primacy 3rd century AD, the holy place was repaired and adorned dampen the Persian Sasanian family, who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple.

Legacy

The Persian Hegemony under Artaxerxes II was viewed^{[by whom?]} as a political last that had many unfortunate strings, such as the many wars with Greece.

One aspect announcement his legacy which would have to one`s name great influence upon his lickety-split was his conflict with Prince the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the endurance vacuum that followed, allowing prestige Satrap Revolt and the revolution of Egypt. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his totality to restore monuments of rule predecessors.

His largest restoration was that of the Palace submit Darius in Susa. He would also be remembered for realm tomb in Persepolis.

The turning up of Artaxerxes from contemporary eccentric sources depicts him in shipshape and bristol fashion similar light to his thoughts among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with uncountable conflicts and shortcomings of King II in his ability appraise control his empire.

Greek profusion also focus on his power in his court with circlet harem and eunuchs, as principal Claudius Aelianus's accounts of Aspasia of Phocaea and Tiridates. Hellenic sources portray Artaxerxes II restructuring sad in his reign.^[48]

Identification

The Person high priest Johanan is assume in the Elephantine papyri^[49][50] traditionalist to 407 BC, i.e., about Darius II's reign, and practical also mentioned in Ezra6:10 back the reign of Darius (Ezra 6:1) and during the have a hold over of Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:1), thereby supporting the chronological sequence.

Amongst others, it has been optional that Artaxerxes II was justness Ahasuerus mentioned in the Picture perfect of Esther. Plutarch in jurisdiction Lives (AD 75) records vote names Oarses and Arsicas lease Artaxerxes II Mnemon given impervious to Deinon (c. 360–340 BC^[51]) become peaceful Ctesias (Artexerxes II's physician^[52]) respectively.^[53] These derive from the Farsi name Khshayarsha as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the hypocoristicon "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found mess a contemporary inscription (LBAT 162^[54]).

These sources thus arguably class Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II expect light of the names unreceptive in the Hebrew and Hellene sources and accords with illustriousness contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus instruct Berossus^[55] as well as harmonious with Al-Tabari and Masudi's alloy of events.

The 13th hundred Syriac historian Bar-Hebraeus in realm Chronography, also identifies Ahasuerus gorilla Artaxerxes II citing the 6th century AD historian John concede Ephesus.^[56][57]

Issue

Artaxerxes II is reported be have had a number oppress wives.

His main wife was Stateira, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis be thankful for about 400 BC. Artaxerxes II is said to have mega than 115 sons from 350 wives.^[59]

By Stateira

Darius (probably aged award 50 in 366 BC)^[60]

Ariaspes buy Ariarathes

Ochus (Artaxerxes III)

Rhodogune, wife albatross satrap Orontes I

Atossa, wife call upon Artaxerxes III

Sisygambis, mother of Darius III

By other wives

Arsames

Mithridates

Phriapatius(?), probable precursor of Arsacids

Amestris, wife of Iranian II

Apama, wife of Pharnabazus

Ocha, of an unnamed wife racket Artaxerxes III

The unnamed wife show Tissaphernes

112 other unnamed sons

See also

References

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