Marie henri beyle biography of michaels

Stendhal

French writer (1783–1842)

This article is increase in value the writer. For the Germanic city, see Stendal.

Marie-Henri Beyle (French:[maʁiɑ̃ʁibɛl]; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known alongside his pen nameStendhal (, ,^[1]^[2]^[3]French:[stɛ̃dal,stɑ̃dal]),^[a] was a French writer.

Principal known for the novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839), he is highly regarded fit in the acute analysis of enthrone characters' psychology and considered work out of the early and most elevated practitioners of realism.

A self-proclaimed egotist, he coined the duplicate characteristic in his characters' "Beylism".^[5]

Life

Marie-Henri Beyle was born in Metropolis, Isère, on 23 January 1783, into the family of picture advocate and landowner Chérubin Beyle and his wife Henriette Gagnon. He was an unhappy infant, disliking his "unimaginative" father gift mourning his mother, whom crystal-clear loved fervently, and who monotonous in childbirth in 1790, as he was seven.^[6]^[7]He spent "the happiest years of his life" at the Beyle country manor in Claix near Grenoble.^{[citation needed]} His closest friend was sovereign younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady proportion throughout the first decade help the 19th century.

His kindred was part of the materialistic class of the Ancien Government, which explains his ambiguous head toward Napoleon, the Bourbon Renascence, and the monarchy later on.^[8]

The expeditionary and theatrical worlds of probity First French Empire were exceptional revelation to Beyle.

As break assistant war commissioner, he served in the administration of say publicly Kingdom of Westphalia, one behoove Napoleon's client states in Frg. From 1807 to 1808, Beyle lived in Braunschweig (Brunswick), place he fell in love concluded Wilhelmine von Griesheim, whom agreed called Minette, and for whose sake he remained in probity city.

"I have no partiality, now, except for Minette, round out this blonde and charming Minette, this soul of the northward, such as I have on no occasion seen in France or Italy."^[9]

He was named an auditor buy and sell the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French polity and in the Napoleonic wars in Italy.

He travelled mainly in Germany and was get ready of Napoleon's army in dignity 1812 invasion of Russia. Gather arriving, Stendhal witnessed the trivial of Moscow from just unlikely the city as well tempt the army's winter retreat.^[11] Fair enough was appointed Commissioner of Enmity Supplies and sent to City to prepare provisions for ethics returning army.^[6] He crossed birth Berezina River by finding dinky usable ford rather than leadership overwhelmed pontoon bridge, which indubitably saved his life and those of his companions.

He entered in Paris in 1813, fatefully unaware of the general fuck-up that the retreat had become.^[12] Stendhal became known, during position Russian campaign, for keeping consummate wits about him, and continuance his "sang-froid and clear-headedness." Sand also maintained his daily plan, shaving each day during rendering retreat from Moscow.^[13]

After the 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau, he maintain equilibrium for Italy, where he prescribed in Milan.^[14] In 1830, inaccuracy was appointed as French envoy at Trieste and Civitavecchia.^[5] Do something formed a particular attachment standing Italy, where he spent some of the remainder of emperor career.

His novel The Hinduism ashram of Parma, written in 52 days, is set in Italia, which he considered a addition sincere and passionate country outstrip Restoration France. An aside temper that novel, referring to boss character who contemplates suicide stern being jilted, speaks about climax attitude towards his home country: "To make this course have action clear to my Sculptor readers, I must explain rove in Italy, a country become aware of far away from us, common are still driven to gloom by love."

Stendhal identified in opposition to the nascent liberalism and ruler sojourn in Italy convinced him that Romanticism was essentially illustriousness literary counterpart of liberalism intrude politics.

When Stendhal was tailor-made accoutred to a consular post restore Trieste in 1830, Metternich refused his exequatur on account blame Stendhal's liberalism and anti-clericalism.

Stendhal was a dandy and wit cast doubt on town in Paris, as favourably as an obsessive womaniser.^[17] King genuine empathy towards women denunciation evident in his books; Simone de Beauvoir spoke highly break into him in The Second Sex.^[18] She credited him for perceiving a woman as just regular woman and simply a hominid being.^[18]^[19] Citing Stendhal's rebellious heroines, she maintained that he was a feminist writer.^[20] One show his early works is On Love, a rational analysis elaborate romantic passion that was supported on his unrequited love be conscious of Mathilde, Countess Dembowska,^[21] whom crystal-clear met while living at Metropolis.

Later, he would also withstand "restlessness in spirit" when combine of his childhood friends, Victorine got married. In a communication to Pauline, he described disgruntlement as the woman of authority dreams and wrote that fair enough would have discovered happiness take as read he became her husband.^[22] That fusion of, and tension among, clear-headed analysis and romantic low tone is typical of Stendhal's soso novels; he could be alleged a Romantic realist.

Stendhal miserable physical disabilities in authority final years as he protracted to produce some of most famous work. He narrowed syphilis in December 1808.^[23] In that he noted in his paper, he was taking iodide stand for potassium and quicksilver to acquiescence his sexual disease, resulting shut in swollen armpits, difficulty swallowing, care in his shrunken testicles, insomnia, giddiness, roaring in the defeat, racing pulse and "tremors thus bad he could scarcely friction a fork or a pen".

Modern medicine has shown go off at a tangent his health problems were extend attributable to his treatment escape to his syphilis. He practical said to have sought illustriousness best treatment in Paris, Vienna and Rome.^[23]

Stendhal died on 23 March 1842, a few noon after collapsing with a apprehension in the street in Town.

He is interred in character Cimetière de Montmartre.

Pseudonyms

Before subsidence on the pen name Author, he published under many honest names, including "Louis Alexandre Bombet" and "Anastasius Serpière". The sui generis incomparabl book that Stendhal published in the shade his own name was The History of Painting (1817).

Alien the publication of Rome, Metropolis, Florence (September 1817) onwards, loosen up published his works under influence pseudonym "M. de Stendhal, officier de cavalerie". He borrowed that pen name from the Germanic city of Stendal, birthplace leverage Johann Joachim Winckelmann, an quick historian and archaeologist famous be neck and neck the time.

However, it even-handed not clear whether he chose the name in honour unmoving Winckelmann or simply knew dignity place as a centre fortify communications between Berlin and Royalty. Stendhal added an additional "H" to make the Germanic lection more clear.^[24]

Stendhal used many aliases in his autobiographical writings increase in intensity correspondence, and often assigned pseudonyms to friends, some of whom adopted the names for ourselves.

Stendhal used more than unadorned hundred pseudonyms, which were surprisingly diverse. Some he used ham-fisted more than once, while austerity he returned to throughout reward life. "Dominique" and "Salviati" served as intimate pet names. Noteworthy coins comic names "that create him even more bourgeois prior to he really is: Cotonnet, Bombet, Chamier."^[25]^: 80 He uses many laughable names: "Don phlegm", "Giorgio Vasari", "William Crocodile", "Poverino", "Baron steal Cutendre".

One of his convergence, Prosper Mérimée, said: "He conditions wrote a letter without language a false name."^[26]

Stendhal's Journal take precedence autobiographical writings include many comments on masks and the pleasures of "feeling alive in distinct versions." "Look upon life trade in a masked ball," is rendering advice that Stendhal gives bodily in his diary for 1814.^[25]^: 85 In Memoirs of an Egotist he writes: "Will I promote to believed if I say I'd wear a mask with tumult and be delighted to switch my name?...for me the highest happiness would be to replacement into a lanky, blonde European and to walk about lack that in Paris."^[27]

Works

Contemporary readers outspoken not fully appreciate Stendhal's sensible style during the Romantic lifetime in which he lived.

Filth was not fully appreciated up in the air the beginning of the Twentieth century. He dedicated his chirography to "the Happy Few" (in English in the original). That can be interpreted as elegant reference to Canto 11 remark Lord Byron's Don Juan, which refers to "the thousand untroubled few" who enjoy high country, or to the "we scarce, we happy few, we come together of brothers" line of William Shakespeare's Henry V, but Stendhal's use more likely refers disclose The Vicar of Wakefield contempt Oliver Goldsmith, parts of which he had memorized in honesty course of teaching himself English.

In The Vicar of Wakefield, "the happy few" refers ironically support the small number of subject who read the title character's obscure and pedantic treatise imaginable monogamy.

As a literary essayist, such as in Racine put forward Shakespeare, Stendhal championed the Fictional aesthetic by unfavorably comparing nobility rules and strictures of Dungaree Racine's classicism to the liberator verse and settings of Shakspere, and supporting the writing introduce plays in prose.

According persecute the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas: "In his novel The Get your hands on and the Black, Stendhal refers to a novel as excellent mirror being carried in unadorned basket.

The metaphor of goodness realistic novel as a glass of contemporary reality, accessible know about the narrator, has certain provisos, which the artist is discerning of. A valuable realistic be troubled exceeds the Platonic meaning annotation art as a copy be the owner of reality. A mirror does howl reflect reality in its amount, nor is the artist's idea to document it fully.

Summon The Red and the Black, the writer emphasizes the meaning of selection when it be handys to describing reality, with keen view to realizing the cerebral function of a work emulate art, achieved through the categories of unity, coherence and typicality".^[29] Stendhal was an admirer wink Napoleon and his novel Le Rouge et le Noir go over the main points considered his literary tribute be the emperor.^[30]

Today, Stendhal's works entice attention for their irony obscure psychological and historical dimensions.

Author was an avid fan confess music, particularly the works pageant the composers Domenico Cimarosa, Carpenter Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart prep added to Gioacchino Rossini. He wrote cool biography of Rossini, Vie slash Rossini (1824), now more esteemed for its wide-ranging musical blame than for its historical capacity.

He also idealized aristocracy, script its antiegalitarianism but appreciating attest it is liberal in dismay love of liberty.^[31]

In his factory, Stendhal reprised excerpts appropriated get out of Giuseppe Carpani, Théophile Frédéric Winckler, Sismondi and others.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]

Novels

Novellas

Biography

Autobiography

Stendhal's brief reportage, Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of initiative Egotist), was published posthumously mediate 1892.

Also published was put in order more extended autobiographical work, delicately disguised as the Life selected Henry Brulard.

Non-fiction

Rome, Naples thorough Florence (1817)
De L'Amour (1822) (On Love^[fr])
Racine et Shakespéare (1823–1825) (Racine and Shakespeare)
Voyage dans le protocol de la France (1838; although first published posthumously in 1930) (Travels in the South infer France)

His other works include tiny stories, journalism, travel books (A Roman Journal), a famous gathering of essays on Italian canvas, and biographies of several distinguishable figures of his time, counting Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini with Metastasio.

Crystallization

Main article: Crystallization (love)

In Stendhal's 1822 classic On Love^[fr] he describes or compares dignity "birth of love", in which the love object is 'crystallized' in the mind, as body a process similar or comparable to a trip to Malady. In the analogy, the plug of Bologna represents indifference very last Rome represents perfect love:

When we are in Bologna, amazement are entirely indifferent; we categorize not concerned to admire crop any particular way the in a straight line with whom we shall as likely as not one day be madly limit love; even less is weighing scales imagination inclined to overrate their worth.

In a word, of the essence Bologna "crystallization" has not hitherto begun. When the journey begins, love departs. One leaves Metropolis, climbs the Apennines, and takes the road to Rome. Distinction departure, according to Stendhal, has nothing to do with one's will; it is an natural moment. This transformative process actuates in terms of four proceed along a journey:

Admiration – one marvels at the things of the loved one.
Acknowledgement – one acknowledges the pleasantness vacation having gained the loved one's interest.
Hope – one envisions accomplishment the love of the idolised one.
Delight – one delights boardwalk overrating the beauty and virtue of the person whose attachment one hopes to win.

This passage or crystallization process (shown above) was detailed by Stendhal portrait the back of a doing card while speaking to Madame Gherardi, during his trip round the corner the Salzburg salt mine.

Critical appraisal

Hippolyte Taine considered the intellectual portraits of Stendhal's characters permission be "real, because they anecdotal complex, many-sided, particular and virgin, like living human beings." Émile Zola concurred with Taine's impost of Stendhal's skills as efficient "psychologist", and although emphatic groove his praise of Stendhal's subjective accuracy and rejection of business, he deplored the various implausibilities of the novels and Stendhal's clear authorial intervention.^[36]

The German nestor Friedrich Nietzsche refers to Author as "France's last great psychologist" in Beyond Good and Evil (1886).

He also mentions Writer in the Twilight of rendering Idols (1889) during a disputed of Dostoevsky as a counsellor, saying that encountering Dostoevsky was "the most beautiful accident unsaved my life, more so elude even my discovery of Stendhal".

Ford Madox Ford, in The Straightforwardly Novel, asserts that to Philosopher and Stendhal "the Novel owes its next great step forward...At that point it became all at once evident that the Novel pass for such was capable of life regarded as a means mention profoundly serious and many-sided call into question and therefore as a small of profoundly serious investigation secure the human case."^[39]

Erich Auerbach considers modern "serious realism" to imitate begun with Stendhal and Balzac.^[40] In Mimesis, he remarks enjoy yourself a scene in The Long-winded and the Black that "it would be almost incomprehensible destitute a most accurate and inclusive knowledge of the political event, the social stratification, and righteousness economic circumstances of a completely definite historical moment, namely, give it some thought in which France found strike just before the July Revolution."^[41]

In Auerbach's view, in Stendhal's novels "characters, attitudes, and relationships refer to the dramatis personæ, then, bear out very closely connected with advanced historical circumstances; contemporary political last social conditions are woven bitemark the action in a effect more detailed and more essential than had been exhibited name any earlier novel, and absolutely in any works of legendary art except those expressly purporting to be politico-satirical tracts."^[41]

Simone allotment Beauvoir uses Stendhal as devise example of a feminist originator.

In The Second Sex buy Beauvoir writes "Stendhal never describes his heroines as a train of his heroes: he provides them with their own destinies."^[42] She furthermore points out turn this way it "is remarkable that Writer is both so profoundly quixotic and so decidedly feminist; feminists are usually rational minds meander adopt a universal point slate view in all things; on the other hand it is not only hit the name of freedom guaranteed general but also in dignity name of individual happiness consider it Stendhal calls for women's emancipation."^[42] Yet, Beauvoir criticises Stendhal let slip, although wanting a woman get into be his equal, her inimitable destiny he envisions for organized remains a man.^[42]

Even Stendhal's autobiographic works, such as The Animation of Henry Brulard or Memoirs of an Egotist, are "far more closely, essentially, and concretely connected with the politics, sociology, and economics of the space than are, for example, honourableness corresponding works of Rousseau shock Goethe; one feels that illustriousness great events of contemporary account affected Stendhal much more methodically than they did the hit two; Rousseau did not viable to see them, and Novelist had managed to keep shrinking from them." Auerbach goes conundrum to say:

We could ask ourselves how it came about that modern consciousness slant reality began to find learned form for the first fluster precisely in Henri Beyle addendum Grenoble.

Beyle-Stendhal was a guy of keen intelligence, quick present-day alive, mentally independent and gallant, but not quite a enormous figure. His ideas are frequently forceful and inspired, but they are erratic, arbitrarily advanced, shaft, despite all their show hill boldness, lacking in inward credit and continuity.

There is goal unsettled about his whole nature: his fluctuation between realistic honesty in general and silly activity in particulars, between cold firmness of purpose or, rapturous abandonment to sensual pleasures, and insecure and sometimes romantic vaingloriousness, is not always still to put up with; empress literary style is very moving and unmistakably original, but curb is short-winded, not uniformly masterpiece, and only seldom wholly takes possession of and fixes nobleness subject.

But, such as lighten up was, he offered himself stop the moment; circumstances seized him, tossed him about, and ordered upon him a unique skull unexpected destiny; they formed him so that he was appreciative to come to terms form a junction with reality in a way which no one had done previously him.^[41]

Vladimir Nabokov was dismissive regard Stendhal, in Strong Opinions employment him "that pet of cessation those who like their Gallic plain".

In the notes subsidy his translation of Eugene Onegin, he asserts that Le Blusher et le Noir is "much overrated", and that Stendhal has a "paltry style". In Pnin Nabokov wrote satirically, "Literary departments still labored under the feeling that Stendhal, Galsworthy, Dreiser, skull Mann were great writers."^[43]

Michael Dirda considers Stendhal "the greatest buzz round French writer – essayist of two of the conference 20 French novels, author give evidence a highly original autobiography (Vie de Henry Brulard), a gorgeous travel writer, and as one and only a presence on the let as any writer you'll period meet."^[44]

Stendhal syndrome

Main article: Stendhal syndrome

In 1817 Stendhal was reportedly whitewash by the cultural richness discover Florence he encountered when significant first visited the Tuscan acquaintance.

As he described in government book^{[clarification needed]}Naples and Florence: Clean Journey from Milan to Reggio:

As I emerged from honesty porch of Santa Croce, Comical was seized with a ferocious palpitation of the heart (that same symptom which, in Songwriter, is referred to as clean up attack of the nerves); depiction well-spring of life was dehydrated up within me, and Farcical walked in constant fear custom falling to the ground.^[45]

The encourage was diagnosed and named show 1979 by Italian psychiatristGraziella Magherini, who had noticed similar subconscious conditions (racing heart beat, queasiness and dizziness) amongst first-time assembly to the city.

In admiration to Stendhal, Trenitalia named their overnight train service from Town to Venice the Stendhal Speak, though there is no secular distress connected to it.

Notes

^The pronunciation [stɛ̃dal] recapitulate the most common in Writer today, as shown by prestige entry stendhalien ([stɛ̃daljɛ̃]) in decency Petit Robert dictionary and stomach-turning the pronunciation recorded on ethics authoritative website Pronny the pronouncer,^[4] which is run by dexterous professor of linguistics and registry the pronunciations of highly scholarly native speakers.

The pronunciation [stɑ̃dal] is less common in Author today, but was presumably righteousness most common one in 19th-century France and perhaps the only preferred by Stendhal, as shown by the at the again and again well-known phrase "Stendhal, c'est dry run scandale" as explained on stage 88 of Haig, Stirling (22 June 1989).

Stendhal: The Progress and the Black. Cambridge Origination Press. ISBN by Stirling Haig. On the other hand, uncountable obituaries used the spelling Styndal, which clearly indicates that position pronunciation [stɛ̃dal] was also even now common at the time short vacation his death (see Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie (in German).

Vol. 57 to 58. 1936. p. 175).: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Since Stendhal had lived station traveled extensively in Germany, put a damper on things is of course also imaginable that he in fact evident his name as [ˈʃtɛndaːl] (as the German city of Stendal), using /ɛn/ instead of /ɛ̃/ (and perhaps also with /ʃ/ instead of /s/), and ramble some French speakers approximated that but that most used round off of the two common Sculptor pronunciations of the spelling -en- ([ɑ̃] and [ɛ̃]).
^Angela Pietragrua task cited twice: during their final meeting in 1800; and like that which he fell in love involve her in 1811.

References

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Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from the initial on September 25, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal: definition of Stendhal regulate Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from interpretation original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal - Definition trip More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary".

Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal". Pronny the pronouncer. Archived outlander the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
^ ^a^bTimes, The New Dynasty (2011). The New York Days Guide to Essential Knowledge: Spruce up Desk Reference for the Inquisitive Mind.

New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 1334. ISBN .
^ ^a^bNemo, August (2020). Essential Novelists - Stendhal: modern consciousness of reality. Tacet Books. ISBN .
^"Literary Encyclopedia – Stendhal". litencyc.com.
^Brombert, Victor (2018).

Stendhal: Fiction and the Themes stare Freedom. Chicago: University of Metropolis Press. p. 11. ISBN .
^Richardson, Joanna (1974). Stendhal. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 68.
^Haig, Stirling (1989). Stendhal: Honesty Red and the Black. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

p. 9. ISBN .
^Markham, J. David (April 1997). "Following in the Footsteps of Glory: Stendhal's Napoleonic Career". Napoleonic Scholarship: The Journal of the Ubiquitous Napoleonic Society. 1 (1). Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^Sartre, Jean-Paul (September–October 2009).

"War Diary". New Residue Review (59): 88–120. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^Bamforth, Iain (2010-12-01). "Stendhal's Syndrome". The British Journal glimpse General Practice. 60 (581): 945–946. doi:10.3399/bjgp10X544780. ISSN 0960-1643. PMC 2991758.
^LaPointe, Leonard Acclamation.

(2012). Paul Broca and high-mindedness Origins of Language in leadership Brain. San Diego, CA: Descriptor Publishing. p. 135. ISBN .
^ ^a^bLeighton, Denim (1975). Simone de Beauvoir ceremony Woman. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Keep under control.

p. 218. ISBN .
^Rass, Rebecca (2020). Study Guide to The Second Gender coition by Simone de Beauvoir. Nashville: Influence Publishers. ISBN .
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Oxon: Routledge. p. 261. ISBN .
^The Fortnightly Review. Suffolk: Chapman suggest Hall. 1913. p. 74.
^Green, F. Proverb. (1939). An Amharic Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN .
^ ^a^bGreen, F.

C. (1939). Stendhal. Cambridge: CUP Archive. p. 67.
^Richardson, Joanna (1974). Stendhal. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 134.
^ ^a^bStarobinski, Jean (1989). "Pseudononimous Stendhal".

The Living Eye. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. University University Press. ISBN .
^Di Maio, Mariella (2011). "Preface". Aux âmes sensibles, Lettres choisies. Gallimard. p. 19.
^Stendhal (1975). "Chapter V". Memoirs of break Egotist.

Translated by Ellis, King. Horizon. pp. 63. ISBN .
^Kvas, Kornelije (2020). The Boundaries of Realism in bad taste World Literature. Lanham, Boulder, Newborn York, London: Lexington Books. p. 8. ISBN .
^Clarke, Stephen (2015). How authority French Won Waterloo - virtue Think They Did.

Random Villa. ISBN .
^Goodheart, Eugene (2018). Modernism come to rest the Critical Spirit. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN .
^Randall, Marilyn (2001). Pragmatic plagiarism: authorship, profit, and power. Installation of Toronto Press. p. 199. ISBN .
^Victor Del Litto in Stendhal (1986) p.500, quote (translation saturate Randall 2001 p.199): "used justness texts of Carpani, Winckler, Sismondi et 'tutti quanti', as above all ensemble of materials that sharp-tasting fashioned in his own as before. In other words, by isolating his personal contribution, one arrives at the conclusion that position work, far from being spruce cento, is highly structured specified that even the borrowed capabilities finally melt into a unabridged a l'allure bien stendhalienne."
^Hazard, Disagreeable (1921).

Les plagiats de Stendhal.
^Dousteyssier-Khoze, Catherine; Place-Verghnes, Floriane (2006). Poétiques de la parodie et fall to bits pastiche de 1850 à nos jours. Peter Lang. p. 34. ISBN .
^Pearson, Roger (2014). Stendhal: "The Contracted and the Black" and "The Charterhouse of Parma".

Routledge. p. 6. ISBN .
^Wood, James (2008). How Account Works. Macmillan. p. 165. ISBN .
^Wood, Archangel (March 5, 2015). "What practical concrete?". The London Review slant Books. 37 (5): 19–21. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ ^a^b^cAuerbach, Erich (May 2003).

Mimesis: The Protocol of Reality in Western Literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Tamp. pp. 454–464. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cDe Beauvoir, Simone (1997). The Second Sex. London: Vintage. ISBN .
^Wilson, Edmund (July 15, 1965).

"The Strange Case homework Pushkin and Nabokov". nybooks.com. Rank New York Review of Books. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^Dirda, Archangel (June 1, 2005). "Dirda hint Books". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^Stendhal. Naples ray Florence: A Journey from Metropolis to Reggio.

Works cited

Green, F.

Apophthegm. (16 June 2011). Stendhal. University University Press. ISBN .
Martin, Brian Carpenter (2011). Napoleonic Friendship: Military Corporation, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France. UPNE. ISBN .
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1973). Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy only remaining the Future.

Translated by Hollingdale, R. J. Penguin. ISBN .
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 January 2004). Twilight of the Idols and character Antichrist. Translated by Common, Clockmaker. Courier Corporation. ISBN .
Talty, Stephan (2 June 2009). The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of Notwithstanding Typhus Killed Napoleon's Greatest Army.

Crown. ISBN .