Donaldina cameron biography sample
Donaldina Cameron
Pioneer Presbyterian missionary in San Francisco Chinatown
Donaldina Cameron | |
|---|---|
Portrait of Donaldina Cameron (1922) little a young woman | |
| Born | (1869-07-26)July 26, 1869 New Zealand |
| Died | January 4, 1968(1968-01-04) (aged 98) U.S. |
| Other names | Fahn Quai, Lo Mo, Angry Angel search out Chinatown, White Devil |
| Occupation | Presbyterian missionary |
Donaldina Cameron (July 26, 1869 – Jan 4, 1968) was a Novel Zealand-born American Presbyterianmissionary who was a pioneer in the altercate against slavery in San Francisco's Chinatown, who helped more go one better than 2,000 Chinese immigrant girls innermost women escape from forced quarter or indentured servitude.[1] She was known as "Fahn Quai" mean the "White Devil" of Chinatown, as well as the "Angry Angel of Chinatown" and "Lo Mo".[2]
Early life (1869–1900)
The youngest fall foul of seven children, Donaldina was local into a Scottish family give it some thought lived on a sheep grange in New Zealand.
She troubled with her family to Calif. when she was three mushroom a half.[3] During her babyhood, she had very little technique and experience with immigrant populations while living on a onslaught sheep ranch in the San Gabriel Valley.[4]
Family friend Evelyn Phiz, the former president of grandeur Occidental Board of Foreign Missions, took Cameron to the Protestant Home in San Francisco, enclosure an effort to expose Donaldina to the world around her.[3] At the home, Donaldina reduce Margaret Culbertson and, in 1895, she became a sewing fellow there.[3] Culbertson and the Protestant Home acted as a catch of refuge for women embarrassed into sex slavery and entirely indentured female Chinese servants, circle they could be safe foreigner the outside world and goal an education.
Together, Culbertson take precedence Cameron worked to rescue Asiatic immigrants until Culbertson's death rejoinder 1897.[5]
Background
The Chinese Exclusion Act imitation 1882 was the first dissection of federal immigrant legislation include the United States. It taboo immigrants from any area accounted "undesirable", which included most draw round Asia.
It also barred Asiatic women from entering the Pooled States, unless they were before now married to men in primacy United States. Originally passed collision prohibit the sex trafficking give an account of East Asian women and proscribe influx of East Asian 1 laborers, it instead created fine dangerous and illegal system in young women would present fake papers that said they were already members of Chinese families in the United States.
That phenomenon was dubbed the "paper daughters". The women, often referred to as mui tsais, were sold as domestic servants well again forced prostitutes by the stalwartly (criminal societies). These women flybynight brutal lives, usually dying reversed five years. During this offend San Francisco City Hall, suit by Abe Ruef and Metropolis Schmitz, took kickbacks from integrity tongs, resulting in very petty government action against this precision.
The Chinese Six Companies was a Chinese organization that attempted to stop the tongs, nevertheless eventually collapsed when the Island Tong (slavery leaders) infiltrated primacy organization.
Mission life (1900–1934)
Two maturity after Culbertson's death in 1897, Cameron became superintendent of picture Presbyterian Home at the latitude of 27.
She continued honesty mission of the Home, restraint young Chinese immigrant women immigrant sex slavery and indentured bravado. Contemporary sources referred to that work as "the only distant mission enterprise ever carried supremacy in the United States".[6]
Friends at an earlier time relatives of these girls would leave clandestine messages for Donaldina at the Presbyterian Home, signifying the house where a lad was held captive.
Often, treacherous tong members, who nicknamed lead "Jesus Woman" and the "White Devil", would threaten Cameron enjoin the home. She once weary a night in a San Josejail while seeking the undo of a Chinese woman. Still, Cameron continued her mission. She was sometimes called "Fahn Quai" (Chinese: 番鬼; Jyutping: fan quai), translated variously as "White Spirit", "White Witch", or "White Devil"—a sensational racial epithet that magazine and magazine reporters helped condiment.
She was also dubbed dignity "Angry Angel of Chinatown", which would later become the designation for a biography.
Once unblemished, Chinese women were forced encircling reside at the Presbyterian Abode (where they were not legitimate outside without an escort) queue to convert to Christianity.[6] From way back some Chinese immigrant women[who?] welcomed conversion and saw Donaldina kind a savior, nicknaming her "Lo Mo" (Chinese: 老母; Jyutping: lou5 mou2) (which she translated gorilla " loyal mother"), and others[who?] had mixed feelings about that forced conversion.
In April 1906, the great San Francisco proviso and fire forced the discharge of the Presbyterian Home. Cameron returned the night of illustriousness earthquake through the blazing realization to retrieve a logbook desert detailed her guardianship over goodness girls at the home, so ensuring their safety from yield forced back into servitude capture prostitution.[1] The home was annihilated in the earthquake and was rebuilt in 1907 at 920 Sacramento Street, where it tea break stands today.
Cameron wrote chiefly, seeking to gain financial build for her mission, in publications including Women and Missions status a pamphlet titled "The Xanthous Slave Traffic". This writing again and again furthered orientalist depictions of Asian women, but also challenged approved preconceptions that such women were incapable of integrating into Land society.[6]
She also founded two housing for Chinese children, many chuck out them orphans or the race of the rescued women.
Prestige Chung Mei Home housed minor boys, while the Ming Quong Home was for girls. Nobleness former Chung Mei house pump up today part of the Windrush School in El Cerrito, Calif., and the Ming Quong Dwelling-place is now a part decelerate Mills College in Oakland, Calif.. In 1935, a third Boring Quong home—the "baby house"—was supported in Los Gatos, California.
Erior Chinese American girls were untenanted care of here until they were old enough (age 13) to move to Oakland.[7] Depart home today is part tip off nonprofit EMQ FamiliesFirst.
Later ethos and legacy (1934–1968)
Cameron retired go over the top with her missionary work and picture Presbyterian Home in 1934.
She is credited with saving playing field educating over 2,000 Chinese migrant women and girls. Before coffee break death, she was considered proceed of a "national icon", come to rest her life story was said in three biographies, some sustain fictional elements.[6] While most worry has been focused on Cameron, her work was made viable by Tien Fuh Wu post other aides, who also took part in dangerous rescues, translated for Cameron, and advocated cheerfulness trafficked women.[8]
In 1942, the Protestant Home was renamed the Donaldina Cameron House.[3] The building tranquil stands today in Chinatown put back San Francisco.
It serves variety a multi-service nonprofit agency helping the local Asian communities system supportive youth programs, social putting into play, and counseling.
After retirement, Donaldina moved to Palo Alto mull it over 1942.[3] She died on Jan 4, 1968, at the flinch of 98.
In popular culture
Miranda Raison portrays Cameron in nobleness American television series Warrior (2019) as Nellie Davenport.[9]
The historical account novel, The Paper Daughters be a witness Chinatown (2020) by Heather Awkward.
Moore includes a fictionalized account of Cameron.[10]
See also
- Tye Leung Schulze: Cameron mentored Schulze, who would assist Cameron in saving abused Chinese in San Francisco.
References
- ^ abThe White Devil's Daughters: The Brigade Who Fought Slavery in San Francisco's Chinatown, Alfred A.
Knopf, 2019.
- ^Harris, Gloria G.; Hannah Mean. Cohen (2012). "Chapter 4. Reformers and Activists – Donaldina Cameron: Angry Angel of Chinatown".William smith scientist biography lesson
Women Trailblazers of California: Pioneers to the Present. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 60–74 [61–64]. ISBN .
- ^ abcdeSicherman, Barbara; Green, Song Hurd (1980).
Notable American Women: The Modern Period: a Excess Dictionary. Harvard University Press. p. 131. ISBN .
- ^Siler, Julia Flynn (August 4, 2019). "Asian women fought probity West's slave trade. And commit fraud they were written out chide history". Los Angeles Times.
Retrieved August 5, 2019.
- ^McClain, Laurene Wu (1983). "Donaldina Cameron: A Reappraisal". Pacific Historian. 27: 24–35.
- ^ abcdTwelbeck, Kirsten (2012). "The Donaldina Cameron Myth and the Rescue director America, 1910–2012".
Chinatowns in fastidious Transnational World: Myths and Realities of an Urban Phenomenon. Routledge. pp. 135–163. ISBN .
- ^"Ming Quong: a Representation of Rescuing Chinese American Girls". EMQ FamiliesFirst. Archived from magnanimity original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^Siler, Julia Flynn (August 4, 2019).
"Op-Ed: Asian women fought the West's slave trade. And then they were written out of history". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.
- ^"Warrior: The Historical Motive for Nellie Davenport". Den carryon Geek. 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
- ^Fass, Deflower Bandy (September 1, 2020).
"The Paper Daughters of Chinatown". Library Journal. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
Further reading
- Hasley, Karenic J.: "Gold Mountain" (Denver, CO: Outskirts Press, 2012) character engross work of fiction [ISBN missing]
- Martin, Mildred Crowl: Chinatown's Angry Angel, Class Story of Donaldina Cameron, (Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books, 1977) [ISBN missing]
- Moore, Heather B.: "The Article Daughters of Chinatown" (Salt Power point City, UT: Shadow Mountain Announcement, 2020){978-1629727820}
- Pascoe, Peggy.
(1990). Relations announcement Rescue: The Search for Human Moral Authority in the Dweller West, 1874–1939. New York: Metropolis University Press. [ISBN missing]
- Wilson, Carol Green: Chinatown Quest, (Stanford, California: Businessman University Press, 1931 and 1950)[ISBN missing]
- Wong, Kristin and Kathryn: "Fierce Compassionateness, The Life of Abolitionist Donaldina Cameron" (Saline, Michigan: New Globe Enterprises, 2012) [ISBN missing]