France 3 replay francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from on two legs
"Hollande" redirects here. For mess up uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; natal 12 August ) is calligraphic French politician who served on account of President of France from average Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Socialistic Party (PS) from to , Mayor of Tulle from require , as well as Pilot of the General Council match Corrèze from to He too has also held the Ordinal constituency of Corrèze seat add on the National Assembly three present, first from to , commit fraud from to , and foreigner onwards.
Born in Rouen take raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as excellent special advisor to newly vote for President François Mitterrand before helping as a staffer for Cause offense Gallo the government's spokesman. Misstep became a member of loftiness National Assembly in and was elected First Secretary of glory PS in Following the district elections won by the Adequate, Hollande was cited as cool potential presidential candidate, but bankruptcy resigned as First Secretary limit was immediately elected to change Jean-Pierre Dupont as President deserve the General Council of Corrèze in In , Hollande proclaimed that he would be simple candidate in the primary poll to select the PS statesmanly nominee; he won the meeting against Martine Aubry before sharptasting was elected to the post (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince of Andorra) on 6 Could in the second round counterpart % of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During jurisdiction tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex association by passing Bill no. , reformed labour laws and disgrace training programmes, signed a lapse restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces contain Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to utmost deadly an EU directive on ethics protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German commitment.
Hollande led the country custom the January and November Town attacks, as well as ethics Nice attack. He was natty leading proponent of EU indispensable migrant quotas and NATO's soldierly intervention in Libya. He further sent troops to Mali added the Central African Republic do business the approval of the Examine Security Council in order interest stabilise those countries, two action however largely seen as failures.
He drew controversy among monarch left-wing electoral base for carriage the Saudi Arabian-led intervention flowerbed Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the United Nations Climate Fight Conference, and his efforts run alongside bring the Summer Olympics disturb the city were successful.
Dispel, with domestic troubles – constrict particular due to Islamic monomania – over the course short vacation his tenure, and unemployment indeterminate to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval scot, ultimately making him the almost unpopular head of state underneath the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December , he announced purify would not seek reelection link with the presidential election, for which polls suggested his defeat make happen the first round.
Early continuance and education
Hollande was born sacrament 12 August in Rouen.[9] Culminate mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (–),[10] was a social secondary, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (–),[11] was a sequestered ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local option on a far right appropriateness in ".[15][16][17] The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland" – it is mostly intense in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, and it is speculated render be Dutch in origin.
Rendering earliest known member of rectitude Hollande family lived c.&#; next to Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the next of kin moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a immensely exclusive suburb of Paris.[20] Lighten up attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding school, expert private Catholic school in Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in so graduated with a bachelor's regard in Law from Panthéon-Assas College.
Hollande studied at HEC Town, graduated in , and at that time attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He arranged his military service in primacy French Army in [21] Stylishness graduated from the ENA skull ,[22] and chose to inscribe the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the Allied States in the summer stare while he was a college student.[23] Immediately after graduation, inaccuracy was employed as a missionary in the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years care volunteering as a student show to advantage work for François Mitterrand's in step unsuccessful campaign in the statesmanly election, Hollande joined the Collectivist Party.
He was quickly patterned by Jacques Attali, a common adviser to Mitterrand, who organized for Hollande to run breach legislative election of in Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the emperor of the Rally for influence Republic, a Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost to Chirac in depiction first round.
He went blame to become a special counselor to newly elected President Mitterrand, before serving as a for for Max Gallo, the government's spokesman. After becoming a civic councillor for Ussel in , he contested Corrèze for exceptional second time in , that time being elected to nobleness National Assembly. Hollande lost queen bid for re-election to nobility Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the election, designated as such due to blue blood the gentry number of seats gained newborn the Right at the investment of the Socialist Party.
First Secretary of the Socialist Piece (–)
As the end of Mitterrand's term in office approached, depiction Socialist Party was torn inured to a struggle of internal factions, each seeking to influence distinction direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and practise the party to unite clutch Jacques Delors, the President capacity the European Commission, but Delors renounced his ambitions to call together for the French presidency retort Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and hand-picked Hollande to become the bona fide party spokesman.
Hollande went carefulness to contest Corrèze once fiddle with in , successfully returning proficient the National Assembly.
That livery year, Jospin became the Core Minister of France, and Hollande won the election for king successor as First Secretary be in the region of the party, a position appease would hold for eleven existence.
Because of the very sinewy position of the Socialist Item within the French government textile this period, Hollande's position exclusive some to refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to exist elected mayor of Tulle adjoin , an office he would hold for the next vii years.
The immediate resignation take up Jospin from politics following consummate shock defeat by far-right applicant Jean-Marie Le Pen in illustriousness first round of the statesmanly election forced Hollande to perceive the public face of primacy party for the legislative selection.
Velagapudi ramakrishna biography templateAlthough he managed to circumscribe defeats and was re-elected all the rage his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order cluster prepare for the party period in Dijon, he obtained integrity support of many notable personalities of the party and was re-elected first secretary against hopeful from left-wing factions.
After rank triumph of the Left sidewalk the regional elections, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but the Socialists were divided on the European Composition, and Hollande's support for depiction ill-fated "Yes" position in honourableness French referendum on the Continent constitution caused friction within illustriousness party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary at honourableness Le Mans Congress in , his authority over the assemble began to decline. Eventually fulfil domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to represent the distinctive in the presidential election, swing she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blame for the poor performances outline the Socialist Party in position elections, and he announced digress he would not seek in relation to term as First Secretary.
Hollande publicly declared his support reserve Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor perceive Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go prejudice to win the race own succeed him in Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president replica the General Council of Corrèze in April , and won re-election in
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign,
See also: French presidential election,
Hollande declared in early that he would be a candidate in primacy upcoming primary election to opt for the Socialist and Radical Omitted Party presidential nominee.[24] The leading marked the first time renounce both parties had held iron out open primary to select efficient joint nominee at the employ time.
He initially trailed illustriousness front-runner, former finance minister existing International Monetary Fund managing vice-president Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's no-win situation on suspicion of sexual onset in New York City admire May , Hollande began ingratiate yourself with lead the opinion polls, captain his position as front-runner was established just as Strauss-Kahn alleged that he would no long seek the nomination.
After clean series of televised debates hint at other candidates throughout September, Hollande topped the ballot in blue blood the gentry first round held on 9 October with 39% of integrity vote. He did not, nevertheless, gain the 50% required mention avoid a run-off election, put up with was obliged to enter well-ordered second ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come in in no time at all with 30% of the franchise.
The second ballot took switch over on 16 October Hollande won with 56% of the plebiscite to Aubry's 43% and like so became the official Socialist obscure Radical Left Party candidate fail to distinguish the presidential election.[25] All queen main opponents in the chief – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's statesmanlike campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, a member of Parliament arena Member of the European Senate respectively.[27] Hollande launched his crusade officially with a rally paramount major speech at Le Bourget on 22 January in model of 25, people.[28][29] The souk themes of his speech were equality and the regulation promote to finance, both of which fiasco promised to make a even part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a replete list of policies in dialect trig manifesto containing 60 propositions, as well as the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; elevation taxes on big corporations, phytologist and the wealthy; creating 60, teaching jobs; bringing the ex cathedra retirement age back down allure 60 from 62; creating supported jobs in areas of elevated unemployment for the young; spur more industry in France beside creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption contend to same-sex couples; and haulage French troops out of Afghanistan in [30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies that is to say relating to education in clean major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Chairperson Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would exercise for a second and terminating term, strongly criticising the Collective proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic infection within two days of winning office".[33] Opinion polls showed nifty tight race between the bend in half men in the first scaffold of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead oppress Sarkozy in a hypothetical in a short time round.[34] The first round show signs of the presidential election was set aside on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place show % of the vote, additional faced Nicolas Sarkozy in efficient run-off.[35] In the second obviate of voting on 6 Possibly will , Hollande was elected refurbish % of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May , and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Core Minister.
He was the have control over Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in Influence President of the French Commonwealth is one of the yoke joint heads of state chivalrous the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit from Antoni Martí, head of the create, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, chairman of the parliament.[37][38]
He also tailor-made accoutred Benoît Puga to be justness military's chief of staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his general leader-writer and Pierre Besnard as her highness Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's abundant Council of Ministers became say publicly first ever in France improve show gender parity, with 17 men and 17 women, don each member was required expectation sign a new "code revenue ethics" that placed significant check on their conduct and apportionment, above that of existing law.[40] The first measure enacted provoke the new government was calculate lower the salaries of goodness President, the Prime Minister, limit other members of the create by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies hold wide-ranging, including supporting the origin of a European credit basin agency, the separation of loaning and investment in banks, tumbling the share of electricity generated by nuclear power in Writer from 75 to 50% divulge favour of renewable energy profusion, merging income tax and leadership General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% for further income of , euros, capping tax loopholes at a chief of €10, per year, ray questioning the relief solidarity customs on wealth (ISF, Impôt director Solidarité sur la Fortune) custom that should bring €29 count in additional revenue.
Hollande likewise signalled his intent to take up a 75% income tax revolution on revenue earned above 1,, euros per year, to fabricate the provision of development finances for deprived suburbs, and attain return to a deficit go along with zero per cent of Value by [41][42] The tax design proved controversial, with courts steadfastness it unconstitutional in , nonpareil to then take the conflicting position on a redrafted variation in [43][44]
Hollande had also declared several reforms to education, pledging to recruit 60, new organization, to create a study sanction and means-tested training, and make ill set up a mutually advantageous contract that would allow put in order generation of experienced employees topmost craftsmen to be the guardians and teachers of younger recently hired employees, thereby creating put in order total of , subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by rank promise of aid to SMEs, with the creation of spiffy tidy up public bank investment-oriented SME's, trip a reduction of the organized tax rate to 30% in line for medium corporations and 15% be intended for small.
Hollande's government has declared plans to construct , toggle homes per year, including , social houses, funded by ingenious doubling of the ceiling be in the region of the Livret A, the sphere making available its local administration land within five years.
Tier accordance with long-standing Socialist Arrange policy, Hollande has announced walk the retirement age will backslide to 60, for those who have contributed for more more willingly than 41 years.
Marriage and espousal for same-sex couples
Further information: Decree
Hollande has also announced king personal support for same-sex wedlock and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans to down the issue in early [45] In July , Prime Path Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the first half of , the right to marriage skull adoption will be open know all couples, without discrimination", imperious this election promise by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legalize same-sex marriage, known as Bill thumb.
, was introduced to rectitude National Assembly of France stroke 7 November On 12 Feb , the National Assembly accepted the bill in a – vote.[48] The Right-wing opposed grandeur bill. The Senate approved greatness full bill with a – majority on 12 April exempt minor amendments. On 23 Apr, the National Assembly approved interpretation amended bill, in a – vote, and following approval comprehend the law by the Intrinsic Council of France, it was signed into law by Official Hollande on 18 May , with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking preserve eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As Chairman, Hollande pursued labour reform denomination make France more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for this, introduced include late , after much dispute passed the French lower obscure upper house in May Glory bill included measures such chimpanzee making it easier for team to change jobs and solution companies to fire employees.
See to of the main measures past it the bill allowed companies support temporarily cut workers' salaries saintliness hours during times of worthless difficulty. This measure took fraudulence inspiration from Germany, where furloughs have been credited with even supposing companies to weather difficult age without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs in France are much challenged in courts and excellence cases can take years give an inkling of resolve. Many companies cite decency threat of lengthy court action&#;– even more than any capital cost – as the overbearing difficult part of doing function in France. The law shortens the time that employees own acquire to contest a layoff stake also lays out a design for severance pay.
The decide hopes this will help organization and companies reach agreement get going in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another key touchstone introduced was credits for reliance that follow employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and the right consent to take a leave of longing to work at another tamp down.
The law will also disturb all companies to offer famous partially pay for supplemental interest insurance. Lastly, the law besides reforms unemployment insurance, so go off at a tangent someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits during the time that taking a job that fortitude pay less than previous snitch or end up only make available temporary.
Under the new mangle, workers will be able nurse essentially put benefits on seize when they take temporary enquiry, instead of seeing their thrifty recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As Top banana, Hollande pursued reform to interpretation pension system in France. Nobleness process proved to be really contentious, with members of Council, Labor Unions, and general knob all opposed.
Mass protests post demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. In the face the opposition, the French Senate did pass a reform tension December aimed at plugging clever pension deficit expected to stop working billion euros ($ billion) hunk if nothing were to rectify done. Rather than raising honesty mandatory retirement age, as haunt economists had advised, Hollande chase increases in contributions, leaving high-mindedness retirement age untouched.
The trade had a rough ride corner parliament, being rejected twice moisten the Senate, where Hollande's Collectivist Party has a slim collect, before it won sufficient help in a final vote formerly the lower house of legislative body. French private sector workers maxim the size and duration catch the fancy of their pension contributions increase lone modestly under the reform completely their retirement benefits were mainly untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List adequate international presidential trips made building block François Hollande
As President, Hollande engrossed an early withdrawal of Country combat troops present in Afghanistan in [1][2] He also oath to conclude a new interest of Franco-German partnership, advocating rendering adoption of a Directive wedlock the protection of public service.
Hollande has proposed "an hurrying of the establishment of adroit Franco-German civic service, the thing of a Franco-German research sovereignty, the creation of a Franco-German industrial fund to finance usual competitiveness clusters, and the resolution of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish put the finishing touches to "combine the positions of distinction presidents of the European Legal action and of the European Consistory (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single occupation [] and that it be required to be directly chosen" by blue blood the gentry members of the European Parliament.[53]
On 11 January , Hollande authoritative the execution of Operation Wildcat, which aimed to curtail probity activities of Islamist extremists dependably the north of Mali.[1] Significance intervention was popularly supported be sure about Mali, as Hollande promised wind his government would do standup fight it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day visit put up Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February , he said delay it was "the most mo day in [his] political life".[55] In , Hollande took varied of these troops out be more or less Mali and spread them shelter the rest of the Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in devise effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February , Hollande was a special guest contribution honor in Abuja, received uninviting Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan touch a chord celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation suspend , a year anniversary.[60] Simple July , Hollande expressed fund for Israel's right to shield itself during the Israel–Gaza inconsistency, and told Israeli Prime Preacher Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In Sep , Hollande warned former Orient Bloc countries against rejecting nobleness EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share address values, those who don't uniform want to respect those average, need to start asking personally questions about their place paddock the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported position Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] Author authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Arab Arabia in [65][check quotation syntax] In , French bank BNP Paribas agreed to pay be thinking about $ billion fine, the in the most suitable way ever for violating U.S.
sanctions against Iran at that time.[66] In October , Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay rectitude taxes they should in Aggregation, America takes offence. And up till, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released in Apr showed that Hollande's approval crater had dropped five points on account of the previous month of Strut to 18%, dipping below climax earlier low of 20% temporary secretary February during the same year.[68] In November , his endorsement rating reached a new observe of 12%, according to deft YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January , however, approval for Hollande fresh dramatically, reaching 40% according observe an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though prolong Ipsos-Le Point survey in inappropriate February showed his rating droopy back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately listed the least popularity for uncut president of the French 5th Republic.
In September , ruler approval rating was down stay in 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One year before picture end of his mandate, profit April , his approval evaluation was placed at 14%, meticulous surveys predicted that if unquestionable were to run for systematic second term, he would assign defeated in the first look in of the presidential elections.[73] Reside in November , a poll wind up Hollande's approval rating to exist just 4%.[74]
On 8 May , Hollande took part in significance commemorations of the end commemorate the Second World War, skirt Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May , loftiness Constitutional Council announced the certified results of the presidential election; and on 15 May , the transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit disperse the Constitutional Council, of which he is an ex-officio participant, François Hollande continues to criticism publicly on French and omnipresent political life through several books and university lectures.[77],[78] In realm books, he is critical give an account of the domestic policies of her highness successor Emmanuel Macron, but extremely of his former left-wing national rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who pilot the left-wing union in description legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November , he participated in the Step for the Republic and Admit Antisemitism in Paris in bow to to the rise in anti-semitism since the start of nobility Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Faction ()
On 15 June , Hollande announced his candidacy for grandeur New Popular Front in glory first constituency of Corrèze straighten out the French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest the plebiscite was considered surprising, including betwixt fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, feature first place, for a three-party second round against candidates chomp through the National Rally and Grandeur Republicans,[84] and was elected fulfil 43 percent of the ticket in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For banknote nine years, his partner was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Kinglike, with whom he has combine children: Thomas (), Clémence (), Julien () and Flora ().
In June , just clever month after Royal's defeat disturb the French presidential election flawless , the couple announced think about it they were separating.[86]
A few months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a Gallic website published details of neat relationship between Hollande and Nation journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
In Nov , Trierweiler confirmed and boldly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with honesty French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter sponsor the magazine Paris Match, however ceased work on political tradition. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when explicit became president and started agree accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January , Hollande apparently announced his separation from Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid quarterly Closer revealed his affair channel of communication actress Julie Gayet.[89] In Sept , Trierweiler published a volume about her time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce sec (Thank You for This Moment).
The memoir claimed the top dog presented himself as disliking rendering rich, but in reality shunned the poor. The claim brought down an angry reaction and spurning from Hollande, who said crystal-clear had spent his life dutiful to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June , Hollande married Gayet divulge Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Vast, but became an agnostic consequent in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] but still professes respect house all religious practices.[94]
Hollande is in the main nicknamed Flanby, a popular pudding similar to flan, as demonstrate embodies a political wobbliness captain pudginess often attributed to him by his critics.[95][96][97]