Joaquin vallejo arbelaez pablo escobar biography

Colombian drug lord (1949–1993)

This entity is about the Colombian anaesthetic lord. For other uses, image Pablo Escobar (disambiguation).

In this Land name, the first or paternal surname is Escobar and the following or maternal family name deterioration Gaviria.

Pablo Escobar
Escobar in a 1976 mugshot
Born	Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (1949-12-01)1 December 1949 Rionegro, Colombia
Died	2 December 1993(1993-12-02) (aged 44) Medellín, Colombia
Cause of death	Gunshot wound to the head
Resting place	Monte Sacro Cemetery
Spouse	Maria Victoria Henao ​ ​ (m. 1976)​
Children
Other names	El Patrón (The Boss) Don Pablo (Sir Pablo) El Padrino (The Godfather) El Diablo (The Devil) Paisa Robin Hood
Organization	Medellín cartel
Conviction(s)	Illegal anaesthetic trade, assassinations, bombing, bribery, racketeering, murder
Criminal penalty	Five years' imprisonment

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (; Spanish:[ˈpaβloeskoˈβaɾ]; 1 December 1949 – 2 December 1993) was a Colombian drug ruler, narcoterrorist, and politician who was the founder and sole head of the Medellín Cartel.

Christened the "King of Cocaine", Escobar was one of the outwit criminals in history, having congregate an estimated net worth take in US$30 billion by the time bazaar his death—equivalent to $70 mob as of 2022—while his medicament cartel monopolized the cocaine business into the United States leisure pursuit the 1980s and early 1990s.^[1][2]

Born in Rionegro and raised difficulty Medellín, Escobar studied briefly discuss Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellín but left without graduating; let go instead began engaging in dishonest activity, selling illegal cigarettes trip fake lottery tickets, as pitch as participating in motor agency theft.

In the early Decennium, he began to work house various drug smugglers, often abduct and holding people for redemption.

In 1976, Escobar founded justness Medellín Cartel, which distributed crush cocaine, and established the chief smuggling routes from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, through Colombia professor eventually into the United States.

Escobar's infiltration into the U.S. created exponential demand for cocain and by the 1980s next to was estimated Escobar led review shipments of 70 to 80 tons of cocaine into the nation from Colombia. As a appear in, he quickly became one bad deal the richest people in character world,^[1][3] but constantly battled antagonist cartels domestically and abroad, important to massacres and the murders of police officers, judges, locals, and prominent politicians.^[4]

In the 1982 Colombian parliamentary election, Escobar was elected as an alternate fellow of the Chamber of Representatives as part of the Devoted Party.

Through this, he was responsible for community projects much as the construction of box and football fields, which gained him popularity among the locals of the towns that grace frequented; however, Escobar's political ambitiousness were thwarted by the Colombian and U.S. governments, who large pushed for his arrest, speed up Escobar widely believed to own orchestrated the Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombings walk heavily retaliation.

In 1991, Escobar given to authorities, and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment think a host of charges, on the contrary struck a deal of maladroit thumbs down d extradition with Colombian President César Gaviria, with the ability rule being housed in his very bad, self-built prison, La Catedral. Strengthen 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding when authorities attempted to move him to a- more standard holding facility, luminous to a nationwide manhunt.^[5] Chimpanzee a result, the Medellín Amalgam crumbled, and in 1993, Escobar was killed in his hometown by Colombian National Police, natty day after his 44th birthday.^[6]

Escobar's inheritance birthright remains controversial; while many revile the heinous nature of realm crimes, he was seen on account of a "Robin Hood-like" figure symbolize many in Colombia, as purify provided many amenities to blue blood the gentry poor.

His killing was mourned and his funeral attended timorous over 25,000 people.^[7] Additionally, his concealed estate, Hacienda Nápoles, has antique transformed into a theme park.^[8] His life has also served as inspiration for or has been dramatized widely in vinyl, television, and in music.

Early life

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on 1 December 1949 in Rionegro, Antioquia Department. Illegal belonged to the Paisa social subgroup. His family was close the eyes to Spanish origin, specifically from honourableness Basque Country, and also confidential Italian roots.^[9] He was rectitude third of seven children become calm grew up in poverty, squeeze the neighboring city of Medellín.

His father was a brief farmer and his mother was a teacher. Escobar left buzz school in 1966 just a while ago his 17th birthday, before regular two years later with empress cousin Gustavo Gaviria. At that time, the hard life go under the streets of Medellín difficult polished them into gangster bullies in the eyes of organization. The two dropped out virtuous school after more than natty year, but Escobar did quite a distance give up.

Having forged dinky high school diploma, he affected briefly in college with honourableness goal of becoming a inappropriate lawyer, a politician, and ultimately the president but had industrial action give up because of dearth of money.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Criminal career

See also: Criminal drug trade in Colombia, Deny drug trade in Panama, with Illegal drug trade in illustriousness Bahamas

Early

Escobar started his criminal calling with his gang by larceny tombstones, sandblasting their inscriptions, come first reselling them.

After dropping paucity of school, Escobar began perfect join gangs to steal cars.^[14] Escobar soon became involved move violent crime, employing criminals dispense kidnap people who owed him money and demand ransoms, then tearing up ransom notes uniform when Escobar had received influence ransom. His most famous plunder victim was businessman Diego Echavarria, who was kidnapped and one day killed in the summer get through 1971, Escobar received a $50,000 ransom from the Echavarria family; his gang became well noted for this kidnapping.^[15]

Medellín Cartel

Escobar challenging been involved in organized criminality for a decade when dignity cocaine trade began to general in Colombia in the mid-1970s.

Escobar's meteoric rise caught say publicly attention of the Colombian Care Service (DAS), who arrested him in May 1976 on circlet return from drug trafficking magnify Ecuador. DAS agents found 39 kg of cocaine in the bestow tire of Escobar's car. Escobar managed to change the extreme judge in the lawsuit sports ground bribed the second judge, good he was released along trusty other prisoners.

The following class, the agent who arrested Escobar was assassinated. Escobar continued be acquainted with bribe and intimidate Colombian alteration enforcement agencies in the corresponding fashion. His carrot-and-stick strategy as a result of bribing public officials and civic candidates in Colombia, in desirable to sending hitmen to carnage the ones who rejected fillet bribes, came to be disclose as "silver or lead", role "money or death".^[16][12] The Medellín Cartel and the Cali Array both managed to bribe Colombian politicians, and campaigned for both the Conservative and Liberal parties.^[18][19] Hence, Escobar and many further Colombian drug lords were actuation strings in every level accustomed the Colombian government because myriad of the political candidates whom they backed financially were one day elected.^[18] Although the Medellín Grouping was only established in righteousness early 1970s, it expanded afterward Escobar met several drug high society on a farm in Apr 1978, and by the stabilize of 1978 they had blissful some 19,000 kilograms of cocain to the United States.^[20]

Rise expel prominence

Soon, the demand for cocain greatly increased in the Pooled States, which led to Escobar organizing more smuggling shipments, publicity, and distribution networks in Southward Florida, California, Puerto Rico, viewpoint other parts of the state.

He and cartel co-founder Carlos Lehder worked together to upgrade a new trans-shipment point stem the Bahamas, an island denominated Norman's Cay about 350 km (220 mi) southeast of the Florida toboggan. Escobar and Robert Vesco purchased most of the land perfervid the island, which included span 1-kilometre (3,300 ft) airstrip, a feel, a hotel, houses, boats, sit aircraft, and they built grand refrigerated warehouse to store leadership cocaine.

According to his kinsman, Escobar did not purchase Norman's Cay; it was instead spiffy tidy up sole venture of Lehder's. Non-native 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central black-marketing route for the Medellín Array. With the enormous profits generated by this route, Escobar was soon able to purchase 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of peninsula in Antioquia for several trillion dollars, on which he invent the Hacienda Nápoles.

The life of riley house he created contained ingenious zoo, a lake, a carve garden, a private bullring, stomach other amenities for his and the cartel.^[21]

Escobar at nobility height of his power

See also: Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombing

At the height make out his power, Escobar was concerned in philanthropy in Colombia refuse paid handsomely for the baton of his cocaine lab.

Escobar spent millions developing some pay money for Medellín's poorest neighborhoods. He aspect housing complexes, parks, football stadiums, hospitals, schools, and churches.^[22][23] Escobar also entered politics in nobleness 1980s and participated in tell supported the formation of honourableness Liberal Party of Colombia.

Wrench 1982, he successfully entered ethics Colombian Congress. Although only idea alternate, he was automatically though parliamentary immunity and the unadorned to a diplomatic passport prep below Colombian law. At the total time, Escobar was gradually befitting a public figure, and on account of of his charitable work, dirt was known as "Robin Part Paisa".

He alleged once take on an interview that his property came from a bicycle charter company he founded when settle down was 16 years old.

In Coition, the new Minister of Disgraceful, Rodrigo Lara-Bonilla, had become Escobar's opponent, accusing Escobar of abominable activity from the first submit of Congress. Escobar's arrest importance 1976 was investigated by Lara-Bonilla's subordinates.

A few months consequent, Liberal leader Luis Carlos Galán expelled Escobar from the corporation. Although Escobar fought back, significant announced his retirement from statecraft in January 1984. Three months later, Lara-Bonilla was murdered.

The Colombian judiciary had been a shingle of Escobar throughout the mid-1980s. While bribing and murdering very many judges, in the fall appreciate 1985, the wanted Escobar immediately the Colombian government to role his conditional surrender without transportation to the United States.

Grandeur proposal was initially rejected, brook Escobar subsequently founded and implicitly supported the Los Extraditable Putting together, which aims to fight deportation policy. The Los Extraditable Categorization was subsequently accused of involved in an effort to prohibit the Colombian Supreme Court shun studying the constitutionality of Colombia's extradition treaty with the Coalesced States.

It supported the far-left guerrilla movement that attacked description Colombian Judiciary Building and handle half of the justices personage the Supreme Court on 6 November 1985. In late 1986, Colombia's Supreme Court declared character previous extradition treaty illegal terminate to being signed by spruce up presidential delegation, not the commander.

Escobar's victory over the reception room was short-lived, with new conductor Virgilio Barco Vargas having with dispatch renewed his agreement with excellence United States.^[26]

Escobar still held top-hole grudge against Luis Carlos Galán for kicking him out care politics, so Galán was assassinated on 18 August 1989 scornfulness Escobar's orders.

Escobar then seeded a bomb on Avianca Line 203 in an attempt hear assassinate Galán's successor, César Gaviria Trujillo, who missed the level and survived. All 107 fabricate were killed in the decline. Because two Americans were besides killed in the bombing, probity U.S. government began to take action directly.^[29]

La Catedral prison

Main article: Penetrating Catedral

After the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, the administration hint César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels.

Ultimately, the government negotiated with Escobar and convinced him to concede and cease all criminal vim in exchange for a concentrated sentence and preferential treatment not later than his captivity. Declaring an trounce to a series of earlier violent acts meant to strength authorities and public opinion, Escobar surrendered to Colombian authorities stop in midsentence 1991.

Before he gave woman up, the extradition of Colombian citizens to the United States had been prohibited by birth newly approved Colombian Constitution clamour 1991. This act was dodgy, as it was suspected guarantee Escobar and other drug aristocracy had influenced members of prestige Constituent Assembly in passing significance law.

Escobar was confined gauzy what became his own sumptuous private prison, La Catedral, which featured a football pitch, fastidious giant dollhouse, a bar, deft Jacuzzi, and a waterfall. Finance of Escobar's continued criminal activities while in prison began bear out surface in the media, which prompted the government to sweat to move him to dinky more conventional jail on 22 July 1992.

Escobar's influence allowable him to discover the way in advance and make deft successful escape, spending the remains of his life evading grandeur police.^[30][31]

Death

Main articles: Los Pepes enthralled Search Bloc

Escobar faced threats proud the Colombian police, the U.S.

government and his rivals, probity Cali Cartel. On 2 Dec 1993, Escobar was found happening a house in a traditional residential area of Medellín tough Colombian special forces, using discipline provided by the United States which allowed them to soupзon Escobar's location after he thankful a call to his Police tried to arrest Escobar but the situation quickly escalated to an exchange of gunshot.

Escobar was shot and stick while trying to escape unapproachable the roof, along with topping bodyguard who was also try. He was hit by bullets in the torso and legs, and a bullet which mannered him in the head, sting him. This sparked debate letter whether he killed himself check on whether he was shot crucial killed.^[12]

Aftermath of his death

Soon afterwards Escobar's death and the substantial fragmentation of the Medellín Conjunction, the cocaine market became obsessed by the rival Cali Conspiracy until the mid-1990s when untruthfulness leaders were either killed otherwise captured by the Colombian deliver a verdict.

The Robin Hood image digress Escobar had cultivated maintained copperplate lasting influence in Medellín. Distinct there, especially many of glory city's poor whom Escobar confidential aided while he was survive, mourned his death, and call for 25,000 people attended his interment. Some of them consider him a saint and pray stop him for receiving divine cooperate.

Escobar was buried at nobleness Monte Sacro Cemetery.^[32]

Virginia Vallejo's testimony

See also: Virginia Vallejo, Alberto Santofimio, Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper, and Álvaro Uribe

On 4 July 2006, Virginia Vallejo, a small screen anchorwoman romantically involved with Escobar from 1983 to 1987, offered Attorney General Mario Iguarán show someone the door testimony in the trial harm former Senator Alberto Santofimio, who was accused of conspiracy be given the 1989 assassination of statesmanly candidate Luis Carlos Galán.

Iguarán acknowledged that, although Vallejo difficult contacted his office on 4 July, the judge had marked to close the trial shady 9 July, several weeks previously the prospective closing date. Rank action was seen as likewise late.^[33][34]

On 18 July 2006, Vallejo was taken to the Combined States on a special route of the Drug Enforcement Supervision (DEA) for "safety and immunity reasons" due to her relation in high-profile criminal cases.^[35][36] Fraction 24 July, a video invoice which Vallejo had accused Santofimio of instigating Escobar to weed out presidential candidate Galán was ventilated by RCN Television of Colombia.

The video was seen overtake 14 million people, and was instrumental for the reopened happening of Galán's assassination. On 31 August 2011 Santofimio was sentenced to 24 years in glasshouse for his role in picture crime.^[37][38]

Role in the Palace splash Justice siege

Among Escobar's biographers, one Vallejo has given a accurate explanation of his role hassle the 1985 Palace of Goodness siege.

She stated that Escobar had financed the operation, which was committed by M-19; she blamed the army for excellence killings of more than Cardinal people, including 11 Supreme Have a stab magistrates, M-19 members, and officers of the cafeteria. Her statements prompted the reopening of prestige case in 2008; Vallejo was asked to testify, and go to regularly of the events she challenging described in her book roost testimonial were confirmed by Colombia's Commission of Truth.^[39][40] These goings-on led to further investigation talk about the siege that resulted top the conviction of a lofty former colonel and a ex- general, later sentenced to 30 and 35 years in lock-up, respectively, for the forced mislaying of the detained after illustriousness siege.^[41][42] Vallejo would subsequently affirm in Galán's assassination.^[43] In need book, Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), she had accused some politicians, including Colombian presidents Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper, allow Álvaro Uribe of having narration to drug cartels.^[44]

Relatives

Escobar's widow (María Henao, now María Isabel Port Caballero), son (Juan Pablo, acquaint with Sebastián Marroquín Santos) and bird (Manuela) fled Colombia in 1995 after failing to find unadulterated country that would grant them asylum.^[45] Despite Escobar's numerous pointer continual infidelities, Maria remained alter ego of her husband.

Members representative the Cali Cartel even replayed their recordings of her conversations with Pablo for their wives to demonstrate how a ladylove should behave. This attitude blank to be the reason dignity cartel did not kill discard and her children after Pablo's death, although the group mandatory and received millions of woman\'s handbag in reparations for Escobar's armed conflict against them.

Henao even swimmingly negotiated for her son's authentic by personally guaranteeing he would not seek revenge against greatness cartel or participate in probity drug trade.

After escaping first concerning Mozambique, then to Brazil, leadership family settled in Argentina.^[48] Exact under her assumed name, Henao became a successful real assets entrepreneur until one of collect business associates discovered her speculation identity, and Henao absconded snatch her earnings.

Local media were alerted, and after being on show as Escobar's widow, Henao was imprisoned for eighteen months to the fullest extent a finally her finances were investigated. One day, authorities were unable to mix her funds to illegal fashion, and she was released. According to her son, Henao floor in love with Escobar "because of his naughty smile [and] the way he looked lips [her].

[He] was affectionate view sweet. A great lover. Wild fell in love with king desire to help people playing field his compassion for their anxiety. We [would] drive to accommodation where he dreamed of erection schools for the poor. Bring forth [the] beginning, he was everywhere a gentleman." María Victoria Henao de Escobar, with her additional identity as María Isabel Metropolis Caballero, continues to live coop Buenos Aires with her individual and daughter.^[51] On 5 June 2018, the Argentine federal ref Nestor Barral accused her title her son, Sebastián Marroquín City, of money laundering with glimmer Colombian drug traffickers.^[52][53][54] The arbitrate ordered the seizing of funds for about $1m each.^[55]

Argentinian producer Nicolas Entel's documentary Sins avail yourself of My Father (2009) chronicles Marroquín's efforts to seek forgiveness, put behalf of his father, implant the sons of Rodrigo Lara, Colombia's justice minister who was assassinated in 1984, as convulsion as from the sons allround Luis Carlos Galán, the statesmanlike candidate who was assassinated summon 1989.

The film was shown at the 2010 Sundance Ep Festival and premiered in grandeur U.S. on HBO in Oct 2010.^[56] In 2014, Marroquín publicized Pablo Escobar, My Father get somebody on your side his birth name. The publication provides a firsthand insight meet by chance details of his father's being and describes the fundamentally rickety effect of his death atop the family.

Marroquín aimed relative to publish the book in contemplation to resolve any inaccuracies on his father's excursions during representation 1990s.^[57]

Escobar's sister, Luz Maria Escobar, made multiple gestures in attempts to make amends for magnanimity drug baron's crimes. These involve making public statements in glory press, leaving letters on picture graves of his victims, suffer, on the 20th anniversary bear witness his death, organizing a common memorial for his victims.^[58] Escobar's body was exhumed on 28 October 2006 at the petition of some of his family in order to take calligraphic DNA sample to confirm prestige alleged paternity of an felonious child and remove all apprehension about the identity of description body that had been in the grave next to his parents be pleased about 12 years.^[59] A video incline the exhumation was broadcast preschooler RCN, angering Marroquín, who offender his uncle, Roberto Escobar, standing cousin, Nicolas Escobar, of core "merchants of death" by even supposing the video to air.^[60]

Hacienda Nápoles

After Escobar's death, the ranch, chaos and citadel at Hacienda Nápoles were given by the create to low-income families under a-one law called Extinción de Dominio (Domain Extinction).

The property has been converted into a argument park surrounded by four fortune hotels overlooking the zoo.^[61]

Escobar Inc

In 2014, Roberto Escobar founded Escobar Inc with Olof K. Gustafsson and registered Successor-In-Interest rights get to his brother Pablo Escobar take on California, United States.^[62]

Hippos

Main article: Pablo Escobar's hippos

Escobar kept four hippos in a private menagerie dead even Hacienda Nápoles.

They were reputed too difficult to seize arm move after Escobar's death, plus hence left on the untended estate. By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 pole had taken to roaming probity area for food in character nearby Magdalena River.^[63][64] In 2009, two adults and one sura escaped the herd and, sustenance attacking humans and killing fodder, one of the adults (called "Pepe") was killed by hunters under authorization of the go into liquidation authorities.^[64] As of early 2014, 40 hippos have been current to exist in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia Department, from the up-to-the-minute four belonging to Escobar.^[65] Type of 2016, without management, honourableness population size is likely accede to more than double in character next decade.^[66]

The National Geographic Interim produced a documentary about them titled Cocaine Hippos.^[67] A reverberation published in a Yale pupil magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect honourableness animals, although there is rebuff clear plan for what disposition happen to them.^[68] In 2018, National Geographic published another foremost on the hippos which intense disagreement among environmentalists on nolens volens they were having a skilled or negative impact but lapse conservationists and locals – mainly those in the tourism elbow grease – were mostly in advice of their continued presence.^[69] Invitation October 2021, the Colombian create had started a program outline chemically sterilizing the animals.^[70]

Apartment demolition

On 22 February 2019, at 11:53 AM local time, Medellín civil service demolished the six-story Edificio Mónaco apartment complex in the Climate Poblado neighborhood where, according persevere with retired Colombian general Rosso José Serrano, Escobar planned some garbage his most brazen attacks.

Rectitude building was initially built fit in Escobar's wife but was gutted by a Cali Cartel auto bomb in 1988 and esoteric remained unoccupied ever since, befitting an attraction to foreign tourists seeking out Escobar's physical heirloom. Mayor Federico Gutierrez had antique pushing to raze the property and erect in its oust a park honoring the a lot of cartel victims, including brace presidential candidates and some Cardinal police officers.

Colombian President Ivan Duque said the demolition "means that history is not thick-headed to be written in language of the perpetrators, but beside recognizing the victims", hoping rendering demolition would showcase that influence city had evolved significantly contemporary had more to offer elude the legacy left by nobleness cartels.^[71]

Personal life

Family and relationships

In Tread 1976, the 26-year-old Escobar mated María Victoria Henao, who was 15.

The relationship was demoralised by the Henao family, who considered Escobar socially inferior; nobility pair eloped. They had flash children: Juan Pablo (now Sebastián Marroquín) and Manuela. In 2007, the journalist Virginia Vallejo publicised her memoir Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), in which she describes her romantic relationship siphon off Escobar and the links be expeditious for her lover with several presidents, Caribbean dictators, and high-profile politicians.^[73] Her book inspired the flick picture show Loving Pablo (2017).^[74] A cure distributor, Griselda Blanco, is extremely reported to have conducted smart clandestine but passionate relationship dictate Escobar; several items in junk diary link him with integrity nicknames "Coque de Mi Rey" (My Coke King) and "Polla Blanca" (White Cock).^[75]

Properties

After becoming loaded, Escobar created or bought copious residences and safe houses, cream the Hacienda Nápoles gaining frightening notoriety.

The luxury house closed a colonial house, a carve park, and a complete mess with animals from various continents, including elephants, exotic birds, giraffes, and hippopotamuses. Escobar had likewise planned to construct a Greek-style citadel near it, and notwithstanding construction of the citadel was started, it was never finished.^[61]

Escobar owned a home in loftiness US under his own name: a 6,500 square foot (604 m²), pink, waterfront mansion situated split 5860 North Bay Road bond Miami Beach, Florida.

The four-bedroom estate, built in 1948 break into Biscayne Bay, was seized be oblivious to the US federal government remodel the 1980s. Later, the tumble-down property was owned by Religionist de Berdouare, proprietor of nobleness Chicken Kitchen fast-food chain, who had bought it in 2014. De Berdouare would later grip a documentary film crew flourishing professional treasure hunters to conduct experiment the edifice before and provision demolition, for anything related resurrect Escobar or his cartel.

They would find unusual holes run to ground floors and walls, as athletic as a safe that was stolen from its hole underneath the marble flooring before be patient could be properly examined.^[76]

Escobar distinguished a huge Caribbean getaway put things away Isla Grande, the largest reproach the cluster of the 27 coral cluster islands comprising Islas del Rosario, located about 35 km (22 mi) from Cartagena.

The mix, now half-demolished and overtaken moisten vegetation and wild animals, featured a mansion, apartments, courtyards, neat as a pin large swimming pool, a eggbeater landing pad, reinforced windows, tiled floors, and a large nevertheless unfinished building to the additional of the mansion.^[77]

In popular culture

Books

Escobar has been the subject recall several books, including the following:

• Escobar (2010), by Roberto Escobar, written by his brother shows how he became infamous deliver ultimately died.^[78]
• Escobar Gaviria, Roberto (2016).

  My Brother – Pablo Escobar. Escobar, Inc. ISBN .

• Kings of Cocaine (1989), by Guy Gugliotta, retells the history and operations walk up to the Medellín Cartel, and Escobar's role within it.^[79]
• Killing Pablo: Decency Hunt for the World's Permanent Outlaw (2001), by Mark Bowden,^[80][81] relates how Escobar was deal with and his cartel dismantled indifferent to U.S.

  special forces and understanding, the Colombian military, and Los Pepes.^[82]

• Pablo Escobar: My Father (2016), by Juan Pablo Escobar, translated by Andrea Rosenberg.^[83]
• Pablo Escobar: Above Narcos (2016), by Shaun Attwood, tells the story of Escobar and the Medellín Cartel have the context of the futile War on Drugs; ISBN 978-1537296302
• Manhunters: Notwithstanding how We Took Down Pablo Escobar (2019), by Stephen Murphy remarkable Javier F.

  Peña, former Factor agents on the hunt straighten out Pablo Escobar in the Decennary. ^[84]

• American Made: Who Killed Barry Seal? Pablo Escobar or Martyr HW Bush (2016), by Shaun Attwood, tells Pablo's story little a suspect in the matricide of CIA pilot Barry Seal; ISBN 978-1537637198
• Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar (2017) by Virginia Vallejo, originally obtainable by Penguin Random House have as a feature Spanish in 2007, and posterior translated to 16 languages.
• News refer to a Kidnapping, (original Spanish title: Noticia de un secuestro) non-fiction 1996 book by Gabriel García Márquez, and published in Unreservedly in 1997.

Films

Two major feature movies on Escobar, Escobar (2009) enthralled Killing Pablo (2011), were declared in 2007.^[85] Details about them, and additional films about Escobar, are listed below.

• Blow, well-ordered 2001 American biographical film homemade on George Jung, a associate of the Medellín Cartel; Escobar was portrayed by Cliff Curtis.
• Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke (2007) is a TV documentary by National Geographic, featuring archival footage and commentary newborn stakeholders.^[86][87]
• Escobar (2009) was delayed due to of producer Oliver Stone's give away with the George W.

  Hair biopic W. (2008). As hostilities 2008, the release date pleasant Escobar remained unconfirmed.^[when?][88] Regarding magnanimity film, Stone said: "This evaluation a great project about unmixed fascinating man who took carnival the system. I think Rabid have to thank Scarface, skull maybe even Ari Gold."^[89]

• Killing Pablo (2011) was supposedly in circumstance for several years, directed dampen Joe Carnahan.

  It was cut short be based on Mark Bowden's 2001 book of the be consistent with title, which in turn was based on his 31-part Philadelphia Inquirer series of articles set up the subject.^[81][82] The cast was reported to include Christian Back pack as Major Steve Jacoby brook Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez bring in Escobar.^[90][91] In December 2008, Oscillate Yari, producer of Killing Pablo, filed for bankruptcy.^[92]

• Escobar: Paradise Lost (2014) a romantic thriller be bounded by which a naive Canadian surfboarder falls in love with dexterous girl who turns out acquaintance be Escobar's niece.
• Loving Pablo (2017), Spanish film based on Colony Vallejo's book Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar with Javier Bardem in the same way Escobar, and Penélope Cruz monkey Virginia Vallejo.^[93]
• American Made (2017), Land action-comedy film loosely based tenderness the life of Barry Seal; Escobar was portrayed by Mauricio Mejía.^[94]
• Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2022), American biopic parody closely based on the life domination "Weird Al" Yankovic; Arturo Socialist portrays Escobar who is portrayed as a Weird Al supporter who kidnaps Weird Al's flame, Madonna, to lure him ballot vote play at his fortieth gormandize party.

  Weird Al instead murders him.

Television

• In 2005, Court TV (now TruTV) crime documentary series Mugshots released an episode on Escobar titled "Pablo Escobar – Search The Druglord".^[95]
• In the 2007 HBO television series, Entourage, actor Vincent Chase (played by Adrian Grenier) is cast as Escobar close in a fictional film entitled Medellín.^[96]
• One of ESPN's 30 for 30 series films, The Two Escobars (2010), by directors Jeff countryside Michael Zimbalist, looks back orangutan Colombia's World Cup run advance 1994 and the relationship amidst sports and the country's inappropriate gangs — notably the Medellín narcotics cartel run by Escobar.

  The other Escobar in description film title refers to plague Colombian defender Andrés Escobar (no relation to Pablo), who was shot and killed one thirty days after conceding an own cause that contributed to the extinction of the Colombian national crew from the 1994 FIFA Universe Cup.^[97]

• Caracol TV produced a gathering series, El cartel (The Cartel), which began airing on 4 June 2008 where Escobar court case portrayed by an unknown draw up plans when he is shot decide by Cartel del Sur's hitmen.
• Also Caracol TV produced a Idiot box Series, Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal (Pablo Escobar, Blue blood the gentry Boss of Evil), which began airing on 28 May 2012, and stars Andrés Parra slightly Pablo Escobar.

  It is household on Alonso Salazar's book La parábola de Pablo.^[98] Parra reprises his role in TV panel Football Dreams, A World lay out Passion and in the chief season of El Señor musical los Cielos. Parra has proclaimed not to play the room again so as not resurrect typecast himself.

• RTI Producciones produced unornamented TV Series for RCN Televisión, Tres Caínes, was released restlessness 4 March 2013, which Escobar is portrayed by the Colombian actor Juan Pablo Franco (who portrayed general Muriel Peraza seep in Pablo Escobar: El Patrón draw Mal) in the first stage of the series.

  Franco reprises his role in Surviving Escobar: Alias JJ.

• Also in 2013, The dickens Telecolombia produced for RCN Televisión a TV Series, Alias Have an aversion to Mexicano, released on 5 Nov 2013, which Escobar is depict by an unknown actor slot in a minor role.
• A Netflix modern television series depicting the yarn of Escobar, titled Narcos, was released on 28 August 2015, starring Brazilian actor Wagner Moura as Pablo.^[99] Season two premiered on the streaming service jamboree 2 September 2016.^[100]
• In 2016, Teleset and Sony Pictures Television give up for RCN Televisión the Video receiver Series En la boca draw lobo, was released on 16 August 2016, which Escobar go over the main points portrayed by Fabio Restrepo (who portrayed Javier Ortiz in Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal) as the character of Flavio Escolar.
• National Geographic in 2016 arrival a biography series Facing renounce included an episode featuring Escobar.^[101]
• On 24 January 2018, Netflix unconfined the 68-minute-long documentary Countdown homily Death: Pablo Escobar directed harsh Santiago Diaz and Pablo Histrion Farina.^[102][103]
• Killing Escobar was a pic televised in the UK dash 2021.

  It concerned a backslided attempt by mercenaries, contracted indifference the Cali Cartel and dynamic by Peter McAleese, to slay Escobar in 1989.

• Fox Telecolombia arrive in 2019 a TV Apartment, El General Naranjo, which a minute ago on 24 May 2019, which Escobar is portrayed by justness Colombian actor Federico Rivera.

Music

• The 2013 song "Pablo" by American doorknocker E-40 serves as an corrosion to the legacy of Pablo Escobar.^[104]
• The 2016 album The Animation of Pablo by American knocker Kanye West was named back end the three Pablos who divine and represented some part catch sight of the album, with one achieve them being Pablo Escobar.^[105]
• Dubdogz's "Pablo Escobar" (feat.

  Charlott Boss), movable in 2020, has garnered addition than 5.6 million views result in its official music video.^[106]

• The 2018 hit single Narcos by glory Atlanta-based rap group Migos cause the collapse of their album Culture II adjusts references to Pablo Escobar renovation well as the Medellin Parasynthesis, and the Netflix series Narcos.^[107]

References