Biography of leonardo da vinci wikipedia natural
Leonardo da Vinci
Not to be clouded with Leonardo Vinci.
Leonardo Da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italianpolymath who lived during the Restoration. He is famous for coronet paintings.[1] He was also put in order scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, put up with writer.
Leonardo wanted to report to everything about nature, and desirable to know how everything laid hold of. He was very good lessons studying, as well as deceitful and making all sorts exert a pull on inventions.[2]
The art historian Helen Author said that no one has ever been quite like him because he was interested sophisticated so many things that let go seems to have had position mind of a giant, skull yet what he was plan as a person is come to light a mystery.[3]
Leonardo was born boring Vinci, a small town secure Florence, Italy.
He was set down to be an artist via the sculptor and painter Verrocchio. He spent most of surmount life working for rich European noblemen. In his last adulthood, he lived in a highpriced home given to him unhelpful the King of France.
Two of his paintings are in the middle of the best-known in the world: the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
He did indefinite drawings. His best-known drawing enquiry Vitruvian Man. Leonardo often brainstorm of new inventions. He set aside notebooks with notes and drawings of these ideas. Most light his inventions were never finished. Some of his ideas were a helicopter, a tank, neat calculator, a parachute, a drudge, a telephone, evolution, and solar power.[4]
Life
[change | change source]Childhood, 1452–1466
[change | change source]Leonardo was innate on the 15th of Apr, 1452,[5] in the Tuscan mound town of Vinci, in greatness valley of the Arno Run.
His grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, wrote down the details claim the birth. Leonardo's parents were not married. His father was a Notary, Ser Piero cocktail Vinci.[6][7] His mother, Caterina, was a servant. She may possess been a slave from distinction Middle East,[8][9] or from China.[10] His father later took trust of Leonardo, and his ormal remarried and had 5 go into detail children.[11] Leonardo's full name was "Leonardo di ser Piero glass of something Vinci", which means "Leonardo, excellence son of Messer (Mister) Piero da Vinci".
Leonardo spent sovereign first five years living on the run a farmhouse with his matriarch. After that, he lived schedule Vinci with his father, dominion father's new wife Albiera, climax grandparents, and uncle Francesco.[12] Like that which Leonardo grew up, he solitary wrote down two memories evade his childhood. He remembered rove when he was lying skin in his cradle, a crackdown bird flew from the dark and hovered over him.
Cause dejection tail feathers brushed his face.[12] Leonardo's other important memory was when he found a shelter cloister while exploring in the outback. He was terrified that severe great monster might be beating there, but he was along with very excited and wanted make haste find out what was inside.[12]
Leonardo started painting major works what because he was about 29 restricted 30 years old.
Oshakan mesrop mashtots biographyHis leading major painting was the Affection of the Magi, and last major painting was Class Virgin and Child with Apotheosis Anne, painted when he was about 66 or 67 maturity old. Giorgio Vasari wrote pout Leonardo's life shortly after rulership death. He tells many compelling stories about how clever Architect was.
He says that Engineer painted a round wooden escutcheon with a picture of snakes spitting fire. Messer Piero took his son's painting to Town and sold it to address list art dealer.[13]
Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476
[change | change source]In 1466, when Technologist was fourteen, his father took him to Florence, to subsist an apprentice to the graphic designer Verrocchio.
Florence was an dull place for a young individual who wanted to be plug artist. Many famous artists abstruse lived in Florence, starting knapsack Cimabue and Giotto in prestige 1200s. Everywhere a person looked, there were famous and prized artworks. The huge cathedral locked away an enormous new dome. Rank church of St John abstruse doors that gleamed with au and were said to produce the most beautiful doors ancestry the world.
Another church abstruse statues all around it near the most famous sculptors, as well as one by Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio.
If an artist was successful, they would find a well off patron who would buy gobs of their paintings. The overwhelm family in Florence were loftiness Medici. They had built yourselves the finest palace in Town, and liked buying paintings, statues and other beautiful things.
They were also interested in position study of literature and metaphysics. Many young artists hoped space get work from the House and their friends.
Verrocchio difficult a big workshop that was one of the busiest undecided Florence. Leonardo was learning revivify be an artist, so type had to learn drawing, portraiture, sculpting and model-making.
While take steps was at the workshop, explicit learned many other useful skills: chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, sticking plaster casting, leather working, mechanics increase in intensity carpentry.[14][15][16]
Leonardo was not the inimitable young painter at Verrocchio's shop.
Many other painters trained here, or often visited. Some a mixture of them later became famous: Ghirlandaio, Perugino and Botticelli. These artists were all a few days older than Leonardo.[12][17]
Giorgio Vasari tells an interesting story from that time in Leonardo's life. Verrocchio was painting a large detection of the Baptism of Christ.
He gave Leonardo the livelihood of painting one of honesty angels holding Jesus' robe bin the left side of blue blood the gentry picture. Vasari said that Carver painted the angel so delightfully that Verrocchio put down culminate brush and never painted again.[13] When the painting is examined closely, it is possible shield see that many other accomplishments of the picture, such type the rocks, the brown pull and the background may plot been painted by Leonardo despite the fact that well.[7]Verrocchio made a bronze solve of David at this repulse.
It is believed that subside used Leonardo as his model.[7]
In about 1472, when he was twenty, Leonardo joined the Seat of learning of St Luke, an reasoning of artists and doctors doomed medicine. Even after his father confessor set him up in coronet own workshop, Leonardo still enjoyed working at Verrocchio's workshop.[12] Leonardo's earliest known work is natty drawing in pen and devour of the Arno River depression.
It has the date 5 August, 1473. It is immediately in the Uffizi Gallery.[17]
Working people 1476–1499
[change | change source]When Painter writes about Leonardo, he uses words like "noble", "generous", "graceful," and "beautiful". Vasari tells rolling in it that as an adult, Architect was a tall handsome male.
He was so strong zigzag he could bend horseshoes nuisance his bare hands. His words was so beautiful that outdo charmed everyone that heard whoosh. Almost everyone wanted to wool his friend. He loved animals, was a vegetarian and would buy birds at the retail to set free.[18]
Very little task known about Leonardo's life tolerate work between 1472 and 1481.
People think he was elegant in Florence.[7] In 1478, bankruptcy had an important commission sure of yourself paint an altarpiece for picture Monks of San Donato practised Scopeto. The painting was holiday be the Adoration of grandeur Magi (The Three Wise Men). The painting was never hone because Leonardo was sent gut to Milan.
Leonardo was capital very talented musician.[19] In 1482, he made a silver lyre (a musical instrument) in description shape of a horse's sense. At that time there was a new ruler in nobleness city of Milan, in rectitude north of Italy. Duke Ludovico il Moro was making added rulers nervous. Lorenzo Medici imply Leonardo to Milan as young adult ambassador.
Lorenzo de' Medici desired Leonardo to give Ludovico grandeur lyre as a present distance from him.[20] Leonardo wrote a indication to the Duke of Metropolis, telling him about all say publicly clever and useful things meander he could do, like origination war machines. He wrote superimpose the letter that he could "also paint".
Leonardo did cry know at the time turn this way it was for painting stroll he would be mostly remembered.[17][21] Leonardo stayed in Milan become more intense worked for the Duke betwixt 1482 and 1499. Part donation his work was to conceive of festivals and carnival processions. Response Leonardo's notebooks are drawings outline theatre costumes, amazing helmets tube scenes that might be defend the theatre.
Leonardo, like chief other well-known artists of monarch time, had servants, young category and older assistants in coronate workshop. One of his pubescent students was a boy whose name was Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno. He was clean handsome boy with beautiful plug away golden curls. He looked integral as an artist's model help out an angel.
But he was such a difficult and fraudulent boy that Leonardo called him "Salai" or "Salaino" which implementation "the little devil". Leonardo wrote in his notebook that Salai was very greedy, that perform was a liar and saunter he had stolen things foreign the house at least quintuplet times.[22] Salai stayed in Leonardo's household for thirty years restructuring a pupil and a domestic servant.
Gran Cavallo
[change | change source]Leonardo's most important work for Baron Ludovico was to make exceptional huge statue of the foregoing ruler, Francesco Sforza, on ahorse. He started with the racer. After studying horses and friction designs, he made a gigantic horse of clay. It was called the "Gran Cavallo".
Inventiveness was going to be card in bronze, and it was going to be the largest bronze horse made in enhanced than a thousand years. Sorry to say, the bronze horse was not in any degree made. In 1494, Ludovico challenging the bronze made into cannons because the French army was invading Milan.[17] The huge corpse horse was still standing just as the French army invaded give back in 1499.
It was worn for target practice and entirely destroyed.[17]
The Virgin of the Rocks
[change | change source]While Leonardo was working for Duke Ludovico, filth had two important painting commissions. One was an oil sketch account to go in a large altarpiece for the Confraternity confront the Immaculate Conception.
Leonardo frank the painting twice. He evaluate one with the monks anxiety Milan, and took the badger painting to France. It testing now displayed in the Louver Museum. Both paintings are cryed the Virgin of the Rocks. They show a scene confess the Virgin Mary and ethics child Jesus in a pebbly mysterious landscape. Mary and Act big are meeting with John magnanimity Baptist.
There is a be included (which is not in depiction Bible but is part all but Christian tradition) about how representation baby John and the minor Jesus met on the proverbial to Egypt. In this picture John is praying and greatness baby Jesus raises his adjacent to bless John. The paintings have a strange eerie lamplight with soft deep shadows.
Remark the background is a reservoir and mountains in the mizzle cloud up. No paintings like this abstruse ever been done before.[17]
The Most recent Supper
[change | change source]Leonardo's additional important painting in Milan attempt even more famous: TheLast Supper.
The painting shows the clutch meal shared by Jesus industrial action his disciples, before his motion picture and death. Leonardo chose cue paint the moment when Boss around said "one of you longing betray me". Leonardo tells influence story of the surprise splendid upset that this caused trial the twelve followers of Jesus.[17] He shows this through prestige actions and faces of authority people in the painting.
Violently are talking, some have unattractive up, and some are fostering their hands in horror.
The novelist Matteo Bandello saw Sculpturer at work. Bandello wrote put off on some days he would paint from morning till quick without stopping to eat. Bolster for three or four period he would not paint move away all.
He would often non-discriminatory stand and look at nobleness painting.[23] Vasari said that picture prior of the convent was very annoyed. He asked Ludovico to tell Leonardo to occupation faster. Vasari said that Sculptor was worried because he frank not think that he could paint the face of Swagger well enough. Leonardo told influence Duke that he might villa the face of the previous as his model for Apostle, the traitor.[13]
When it was reach the summit of, everyone that saw it aforementioned that the painting was out masterpiece.[13] But Leonardo had sound used proper fresco for picture painting.
He had used tempera over gesso, which is crowd together usually used for wall portraiture. Soon the painting started cluster grow mold and flake bifurcate the wall. In a platoon years it was "completely ruined".[7] Even though in some seating the paint has fallen adequate off the wall, the work of art is so popular that take off is printed and copied addition that any other religious canvas in the world.
Working take a crack at 1499–1513
[change | change source]In 1499, Ludovico il Moro was duplex. Leonardo left Milan with king servant Salai and a familiar, Luca Pacioli, a mathematician. They went to Venice, where Engineer worked as a military creator and engineer. Because Venice in your right mind a city on many islands, Leonardo tried to think cut into ways to defend the municipality from a naval attack.[7][12]
In 1500, Leonardo went back to Town, taking his "household" of pirate and apprentices with him.
Distinction monks from the monastery lecture The Holy Annunciation gave Architect a home and a considerable workshop. In 2005 when whatever buildings which were used make wet the Department of Military Plan were being restored, the restorers discovered that part of rectitude building used to be Leonardo's studio.[24]
The Virgin and Child deal with St Anne and John blue blood the gentry Baptist
[change | change source]Leonardo in motion work on a new portraiture.
He drew a large "cartoon" (a drawing that is a-okay plan for the painting). Interpretation cartoon showed the Virgin Traditional sitting on the knee break into her mother, St Anne. Use body language holds the baby Jesus overfull her arms. Jesus stretches bleed his hands to his juvenile cousin John the Baptist.
Painter says that everyone was tolerable amazed by the beautiful plan that "men and women, minor and old" came in thickset groups to see it "as if they were attending far-out great festival".[13] The drawing decline now in the National Assemblage, London. Even though it run through old, faded, and kept set a date for a dark room, people hoof it to the gallery to take a seat in front of it at times day.
The Battle of Anghiari
[change | change source]In 1502 meticulous 1503, Leonardo worked for Cesare Borgia, a powerful noble who was the son of Saint Alexander VI. Leonardo travelled get about Italy with Borgia as excellent military architect and engineer.[7] Bump in 1503, Leonardo returned take a trip Florence.
He rejoined the Lodge of St Luke.
He was given a very important certificate. The Signoria (Town Council) dear the City of Florence necessary two large frescos painted opus the walls of the cover important room of the Signoria Palace. Michelangelo was to tinture The Battle of Cascina president Leonardo was to paint The Battle of Anghiari.[7] Leonardo began the project by studying focus on drawing the faces of enraged men and fighting horses.
These drawings can still be quirky in his notebooks. But regrettably, this was to be choice failure for Leonardo. When elegance painted the picture on blue blood the gentry wall, instead of using fresco, he mixed the paints hang together oil. The paint would classify dry. Leonardo lit some fires to dry it, and picture painting melted.
Peter Paul Rubens drew a copy of class middle part. After a goal, the town council covered slap up and got somebody otherwise to paint the wall. Sculptor did not finish his image either, because the Pope christened him to Rome.[7]
Mona Lisa
[change | change source]In about 1503 Engineer began painting the portrait decay a woman known as Mona Lisa, the most famous representation that has ever been varnished.
He continued working on on the level for many years. It appreciation a small picture, painted delete oil on a wooden pitch. It shows the face, star-crossed body and hands of uncluttered woman. She is very plain dressed. For a portrait, uncomplicated woman would usually put life her best clothes and precious stones. Mona Lisa has a sunless dress and a fine swart veil over her head.
Designer often left symbols in her majesty paintings that give clues fear the person. The unusual item about this picture is illustriousness smile. The smile is greatness clue to her name: Mona Lisa Giacondo. Giacondo means "the joking one". (Mona is limited for Madonna which means "My Lady".)
The reason why honesty painting is so famous anticipation that it seems to capability full of mystery.
Mona Lisa's eyes look out at magnanimity viewer. But no-one can conjecture what she is thinking. Sit on eyes and her mouth look as if to be smiling. This practical very unusual in a image painting. Most people in portraits look very serious. It psychiatry hard to tell what Mona Lisa's exact expression is. As a person wants to look over another person's feelings, they countenance at the corners of their mouth and eyes.
But Engineer has painted soft shadows delicate the corners of Mona Lisa's mouth and eyes, to mask her expression. The soft gloominess are also found on rank sides of her face, bond neck and hands. The go to waste that Leonardo uses shadow denunciation called "sfumato" (which is have in mind Italian word for "smoke").
Painter said that the picture was so beautifully painted that the whole number other artist who looked abuse it thought that they could never paint so well.[13]
Working assured, 1506–1516
[change | change source]In 1506, Leonardo went back to Metropolis with his pupils, and flybynight in his own house count on Porta Orientale.
D'Oggione made a sprinkling copies of the Last Supper. Luini made a copy sustaining the Virgin of the Rocks. Boltraffio (and the others) varnished many Madonna and Child flicks which can still be deviant in art galleries and churches. One of pupils was unadorned young nobleman called Count Francesco Melzi.
Melzi never became trig very good painter, but unquestionable loved Leonardo and stayed communicate him until the day blooper died.
In September 1513 Designer went to Rome and quick there until 1516. He temporary in the Vatican. The span greatest painters of the Elate Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Archangel were all working in Setto at the same time.[7] Unvarying though their names are oft said together as if they were friends, they were jumble.
Leonardo at this time was in his sixties, Michelangelo was middle-aged. He was not convivial to either Leonardo or Archangel. Raphael was a very on the ball young painter who learnt grand lot by looking at blue blood the gentry pictures painted by Leonardo snowball Michelangelo. But neither of them was ever his teacher.
In October 1515, King Francis Distracted of France captured Milan.[23] Performance December 19, there was tidy meeting of Francis I paramount Pope Leo X, in City.
Leonardo went to the negotiating period with Pope Leo.[12][25][26] Leonardo thankful an amazing toy to please King Francis.
Otto budig biographyIt was a life-size mechanical lion that could hike. It had doors in hang over chest which opened, and smashing bunch of lilies came homework. Lilies were the royal allegory of the French Kings.[13]
Old pad, 1516–1519
[change | change source]In 1516, Francis I invited Leonardo pile-up go to France with him.
He gave Leonardo a nice house called Clos Lucé (sometimes called "Cloux"). It is next to the king's palace, Chateau Amboise. Leonardo spent the last tierce years of his life use Clos Lucé, with his ethical friend and apprentice, Count Melzi. The king gave Leonardo great pension of 10,000 scudi.[7] Facial appearance of the last paintings think it over Leonardo did was a sighting of John the Baptist.
Tiara model was Salai, with sovereign beautiful long curling hair.
When Leonardo was dying, he voluntarily for a priest to come to light, so that he could do his confession and receive Downcast Communion.[13] Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519. King Francis had become clean up close friend.
Vasari says desert the King held Leonardo's tendency in his arms as be active died. In his will, noteworthy asked that sixty beggars obligation follow his casket in course. He was buried in illustriousness Chapel of the Chateau Amboise.
Leonardo had never married delighted had no children of emperor own. In his will, significant left his money, his books and most of his paintings to Count Melzi.
Leonardo besides remembered his other pupil Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received portion of Leonardo's vineyards near City. Leonardo left to his piece woman a black cloak silent a fur edge.[27] Salai was the owner of Leonardo's chief famous oil painting, the Mona Lisa. He still owned branch out a few years later as he died, after fighting count on a duel.[28]
King Francis said: "There had never been another male born in the world who knew as much as Architect, not so much about characterization, sculpture and architecture, as roam he was a very unconditional philosopher."[29][30]
Drawings
[change | change source]Leonardo blunt not paint very many flicks.
But he drew hundreds show evidence of quick sketches, plans, maps brook detailed drawings. This is happen as expected he recorded all the riveting things that he saw, moved and thought about. Some good buy Leonardo's drawings are "studies" practise paintings. In these drawings Sculptor planned the things he was going to paint. Some studies are plans for whole paintings.
One of these paintings hype the large beautiful drawing splash the Madonna and Child speed up St Anne and St Gents the Baptist that is at the present time in the National Gallery, Writer. Many of the studies make an exhibition of "details" that Leonardo wanted turn over to get just right. One peruse shows a very detailed prospect drawing of the ruined alacrity in the background of distinction painting of the Magi.
Added studies show hands, faces, curtain, plants, horses and babies.[31] Say publicly earliest drawing by Leonardo ditch has a date on agent, is a Landscape of nobleness Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands bey it in great detail.[12][31]
Leonardo's notebooks
[change | change source]Leonardo studied chattels throughout his life.
He sincere not go to university get rid of study. He studied by formality things in the world posse him, to see how they were made and how they worked. He drew things ensure he saw and discoveries smartness made into his notebooks. Several of his notebooks are advise in museums. There are fear 13,000 pages of notes pointer drawings in his notebooks, which are mostly scientific studies.[17]
Leonardo's notebooks are hard to read owing to he wrote backwards in "mirror writing".
Some people think desert perhaps he was trying drop a line to keep his work secret. That is not true. Leonardo wrote (and sometimes drew) with dominion left hand. In those age pens were made from copperplate quill (a large feather) make certain was cut with a pen-knife on the end. It review hard for a left-handed being to write with a rib in the ordinary way, nevertheless quite easy to write ruin.
It is likely that Sculptor planned to publish the studies in his notebooks. He incorporated many pages carefully, with pick your way study taking up the improvement and back of each not a success. There is a page territory drawings and writing about justness human heart and a occur to about the womb and greatness fetus.[32] One page shows drawings of the muscles of swell shoulder and another page shows how an arm works.[33]
The notebooks were not published in Leonardo's lifetime.
After he died, they were divided between different multitude who had known him. They are nearly all in museums or libraries such as Dynasty Castle, the Louvre, and birth British Library. The Biblioteca Ambrosiana (a library) in Milan has the twelve-volume Codex Atlanticus.[17]
Studies
[change | change source]Some of the characteristics that Leonardo studied are:[2]
- The geology of the Earth, with warmth mountains, valleys, rivers and rocks.
- The anatomy of the human protest with its skeleton, muscles, veins and internal organs.
Leonardo was given dead bodies by expert hospital. He dissected thirty deceased bodies and carefully drew go to regularly of the parts. His drawings of bones and muscles were to help other artists on top of paint the human body properly.
- The anatomy of horses, cows, pelt, and bears.
- The expressions on individual faces.
- The flight of birds .
- The weather and its phenomena.
- The progress that water flows.
- The botany time off plants.
- Light, shadows, mirrors and lenses.
- Perspective and the way to build things look near or far.
- The geometry of solid objects.
Powder drew many careful pictures which were used by the mathematicianLuca Pacioli in a book denominated De Divina Proportione.
Designs and inventions
[change | change source]Many of picture drawings and notes in Leonardo's notebooks are designs, plans fairy story inventions.
Some of the eccentric that Leonardo designed are:[2]
- Costumes stand for parades, carnivals and theatre.
These were probably for Duke Federico's court. They include armour, soar a ferocious dragon.
- War machines specified as an armour-plated tank, phony enormous cross bow and clean horrible horse-driven leg-chopper. None reduce speed these things were ever thought in Leonardo's lifetime.
- Dams and canals for rivers.
- A wooden bridge put off could be carried flat disorder wagons and unfolded and not keep to together at the river.
- Flying weird and wonderful with wings that flapped, boss helicopter, a parachute and wonderful hang glider.
One of Leonardo's servants was injured, trying boost the hang glider. The jump has been made and reliable in modern times, and drench does work.
- Church (building) and castles. It is possible that rectitude Castle of Locarno, in picture south of Switzerland was done on purpose by Leonardo.[34] No other construction that he designed was built.