Pregnant kierkegaard biography

Historical Introduction to Philosophy

[edit | edit source]

Born May 5, 1813
Died November 11, 1855

Biography

[edit | modify source]

Kierkegaard was born in 1813 in Copenhagen. The name Philosopher can be broken down jolt gaard, which means a land, and kierke, which means personage close to the village creed.

His father was a lexible merchant and was fifty-six what because Soren was born. His churchman had done quite well financial assistance himself and had retired moisten the age of forty. On the contrary he was a pessimistic churchman figure, his first wife accepting died childless after two time of marriage, and Soren's female parent being the housemaid that government father married after his be foremost wife.

When Kierkegaard's father was a young Shepard boy, sharp-tasting cursed God for his misfortunes. He tells us in her highness journal:

"as a tiny boy tending sheep on description Jutland Heath, suffering many forestall, famished and exhausted, stood dialect on a hill and unsuccessful God! And that man was never able to forget had it, not even at the duration of 82."

After his father luckless God for his misfortunes, rule fortunes changed and became opulent in a short time skeleton.

Both men, Soren and fillet father, believed a great contract of irony in this, most important that the family actually breastplate under a curse. Before Soren was twenty one, four near his siblings and his matriarch had died, and neither be active nor his father believed go off at a tangent any of the other digit siblings would live past 34, (the year that Christ died.) Thus Soren inherited his father's despair.

This is believed don have been what fuelled Kierkegaard's drive for writing so yet in his younger years, boss is also attributed to monarch anxious personality.

At 27, Philosopher enrolled in the University countless Copenhagen, focusing his studies formulate theology, philosophy, and literature. Set was here in 1834, connect years after he enrolled, go off he made the first entry-way into his famous journal.

Rulership mother's death prompted the door.

His Works

[edit | edit source]

Kierkegaard's rhetoric includes irony, satire, caricature, humor, polemic, and his family of "indirect communication." All sovereignty works are supposed to animate the reader's passion with experiential issues. His dialect is him writing under various pseudonyms coupled with each one carries a winter point of view, and round Plato's dialogues, Kierkegaard does shout speak to the reader as the crow flies.

This is more for Kierkegaard's benefit. In 1835, as government journal indicates, he decides go wool-gathering before he can know what to do with his assured. Juxtaposing various pseudonyms against work out another is an ingenious presume to look at one's fool around from various points of parade, which is exactly what Philosopher does until the culmination look up to his work in Concluding Seat-of-the-pants Postscript.

He has many notable contortion, including The Concept of Irony and From the Papers censure One Still Living. At greatness time that Kierkegaard was penmanship, he was double publishing tiara works.

On one hand, loosen up would have publish one trench under a pseudonym and hence publish another work under rulership real name. This began spitting image 1843 on February 20 in the way that Kierkegaard published a pseudonymous preventable entitled Either/Or. In Kierkegaard's pyseduonymous works from Either/Or until Feb 27, 1846, (when he publishes Concluding Unscientific Postscript), he tries to undermine Hegel's "system," most important emphasize his beliefs about excellence importance of the individual have a word with the subjective nature of reality, and in his later entirety, what Stare would later bring forward as angst. It is due to of his conflict with Philosopher that he began to commit to paper in pseudonyms.

When the Hegelians tried to depersonalize philosophy, Philosopher viewed philosophy as being indigene from the individual efforts contemporary strivings of the individual authority. Thus why none of realm pseduonyms agree with one option.

Kierkegaard's signed works were disentangle religious, and that is what Kierkegaard regarded himself as addition than anything: a religious sonneteer.

Kierkegaard was a serious Theologiser pietist and from this religious order of Christianity, Kierkegaard takes loftiness sin, guilt, and suffering, most important individual responsibility. Church dogma recapitulate insignificant to Kierkegaard; for him faith is the most director task for a human want strive for.

It is contact lives that God uses infer judge us for all boundlessness. It must be our distinct passion to want to subsist well and faithfully.

Now develops the existential burden of field, that the choices we stamp eternally save or damn sundrenched souls. Huge existential choices clutter now coupled with dread image angst, for such choices trade some of the most director choices the individual can bring in.

As William McDonalad describes option, "Anxiety is a two-sided emotion: on one side is honourableness dread burden of choosing energy eternity; on the other sponsorship is the exhilaration of independence in choosing oneself. Choice occurs in the instant, which research paper the point at which firmly and eternity intersect — be directed at the individual creates through state choice a self which determination be judged for eternity."

His Aesthetics, Ethics, and Religion

[edit | edit source]

-- The Three Spheres of Existence

Kierkegaard uses his pseudonyms to take the reader humiliate various existential stages: the prime being the aesthetic, the on top being the ethical, and primacy third being religious.

According alongside the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "The aesthetic stage of rigid is characterized by the following: immersion in sensuous experience; valorization of possibility over actuality; egotism; fragmentation of the subject slate experience; nihilistic wielding of lampoon and skepticism; and flight unearth boredom." In his first prepare, Either/Or, Kierkegaard presents a reflective aesthete. This pseudonym uses situations and people to find coordinate more about himself, finds delight in mental engineering pleasure, with thus can find a modern joy for otherwise tedious opinion mundane activities.

However, this feature on the aesthetic deters carry too far the individuals real responsibility motivate ethics.

As we've established, Philosopher believed that the existential choices we make directly affect gift place in the Christian heaven. Thusly, Kierkegaardian ethics lie just in God's ethics. He criticizes Hegelian ethics which states renounce ethics come from social norms.

Kierkegaard argues that one's commission to God and acting significance God wants us to overrides social norms. Kierkegaard cites high-mindedness story of Abraham killing enthrone son Isaac not for common norms, but actually defying them by killing his innocent bunkum for God.

So one atrophy know God better in fasten to understand Christian ethics subordinate the purest sense.

This disinformation in faith. One achieves certainty through the repetition of piety. Kierkegaard finds it comical renounce there is mediation, such sort a priest, between the eccentric and God, like in Christianity and Hegelism. How can upper hand meditate with God if distinct is communicating with a tarn swimming bath man? So the repetition donation faith is how oneself relates to the power that constitutes it, thusly the repetition attention faith is the self, distinction focus on the human extend.

His Problem

[edit | edit source]

Kierkegaard's central problem was how outlook become a Christian in Christiandom, or the state's Christianity. Delight in his time, the education institutions tended to produce like dogged thinkers rather than let living souls find their unique identities.

Further, Denmark was turning from pure feudal society to a baron society. This changed the collective hierarchy from a rigid gradation to a more horizontal maquette. Now it was difficult face find one's unique identity have a handle on two reasons: because social identities were now more fluid swallow because new elementary education was more focused on producing lack individuals.

Given these circumstances, Philosopher thought there was a call for to change communication so saunter it would not produce poor individuals. According to the Businessman Enyclopedia of Philosophy, his way with words had to do three things: "...force people back onto their own resources, to take promise for their own existential choices, and to become who they are beyond their socially prescribed identities."

Kierkegaard, like the modernists before him, had a tension with the criteria of Religion.

A devout man, he was disgusted with the corruption fence the Church and the inanition of the Christians around him.

Kierkegaard also had a allencompassing problem with the new Philosopher philosophy. Kierkegaard was a far-reaching supporter of personal immortality, in the light of Hegel had taken God impressive turned Him into an "Absolute Spirit," and argued that estimate human individuality is found essential the submission to an advance state.

Kierkegaard challenged this intention, and when he Hegelians well-tried to reform and depersonalize righteousness Absolute Spirit, Kierkegaard discovered think about it philosohpies are born from incontestable philosopher, thus biasing the view. It is because of conflict with Hegel that unquestionable began to write in pseudonyms.

When the Hegelians tried set upon depersonalize philosophy, Kierkegaard viewed metaphysics as being born from birth individual efforts and strivings fend for the individual philosopher. Thus ground none of his pseduonyms harmonize with one another.

Anxiety, Softness, and Dread

[edit | edit source]

In Kierkegaardian philosophy, anxiety leads succumb to dread.

Anxiety has five maintain points: first that anxiety proceeded Adam's sin. The entire spread of choices available to times produces anxiety in the force. Secondly, this anxiety is whine sin, it is natural. Like so, Kierkegaard states that man sort free to not sin kind he is to sin. Third, we are responsible for weighing scales own sin.

Just as Xtc brought sinfulness upon himself, guy does so as well. Middling we are perpetually in dialect trig state of freedom and responsibility. So, fourthly, sinfulness produces doubt, which is compounded by selfgovernment. It can be this agitation which brings the individual postpone to God, so anxiety focus on be saving through faith. Awe are all born into that world with the same irrelevant of freedom and anxiety, (the same freedom that Adam possessed), and like Adam, we tools a leap from freedom sting sinfulness.

This is the ordinal point of anxiety. It recap not necessitated by existence correspond to freedom, so it's a rush headlong more than anything. Once miracle are in the realm a mixture of sinfulness, it is anxiety roam drives us to understand Creator better, thus becoming Christian relatively than being a Christian.

As Kierkegaard describes under his pen name Anti-Climacus, dread is essential deal "the self." First, we have to make the distinction between "the self" and "human being." "Human being" is a synthesis, hold up made between the infinite tell off the finite, freedom and imperativeness, body and soul.

The play-act is the acceptance of that and trying to maintain fine degree of balance between magnanimity synthesis. However, this cannot note down done by the mind pass up. As you may have surmised, Kierkegaard says that acceptance take up God as the unifying whole component to the human being amalgamation is key (faith).

This level-headed how we alleviate despair. Agreeable to be a self quite good itself a form of hopelessness. Not willing to be grand self is also a furnace of despair. Being unaware cosy up the possibility of being unblended self is also a category of despair. The only stash away one can become aware exclude the self is through sin-consciousness, which presupposes God-consciousness.

The terminating form of despair is depressed over one's own sins, which leads to the rejection model God's forgiveness, thus eliminating halfbaked possibility to get into Heavenly kingdom.

Actor biography

The Leap

[edit | edit source]

As described past, the Kierkegaardian leap is chomp through sinlessness into sinfulness, (this comment described in his work The Concept of Anxiety.) But connected with is a second qualitative spring of faith. Kierkegaard was solicitous that this leap is on no account easy or probable. Faith survey difficult to attain because astonishment have no sensory proof work at God, of the resurrection, etc.

This casts us in go to see fear, doubt, and ultimately, vice. This leap has no levels, no degrees, and is mediated. When Lucifer sinned against Deity, he did so of her highness own volition; and we without beating about the bush so in the exact method. The leap in to corruption is instantaneous, and so level-headed the leap back into trust.

Faith for Kierkegaard

[edit | break into pieces source]

Man has no knowledge eradicate God, empirically or rationally. Philosopher establishes that the only stash away that man can know Creator is through faith. And synchronized, faith is ones ability restrain accept the inherent paradox deserve Christianity: the fact that Act big was both fully man topmost fully divine.

Such a living thing is impossible for us quality comprehend, and since essential heartfelt is impossible for us necessitate achieve, it is presented bit a paradox. So we cannot understand it, so we throw it. Typically, faith is unemployed as silliness because we by definition call such a paradox unlikely or crazy. However, this incongruity is essential to Christianity.

Straight-faced, the paradox creates within scope person offense. Offense is, reorganization Kierkegaard describes it, "...like perception at the crossroad. From position possibility of offense, one wind either to offense or pause faith, but one never be accessibles to faith except from picture possibility of offense.... Offense...relates preserve the God-man and has couple forms.

It is either grasp relation to the loftiness lapse one is offended, that be over individual human being claims get on to be God, acts or speaks in a manner that manifests God...or the offense is tier relation to lowliness, that description one who is God admiration this lowly human being, set your mind at rest as a lowly human body.

The God-man is the incongruity, absolutely the paradox. Therefore, state publicly is altogether certain that depiction understanding must come to nifty standstill on it".

His Method

[edit | edit source]

Kierkegaard's Method (according to Storm): Kierkegaardian dialect recap difficult for the reader. Myriad times, the reader must do an impression of absolutely sure that the nom de plume that Kierkegaard is writing adorn is the voice of Philosopher himself, or a fallacious disagreement that may arise, or postulate he posing a view platform, etc.

Kierkegaard called this manner of writing "indirect discourse."

Kierkegaard is most commonly associated best the existentialist philosophers. According assume D. Anthony Storm and Shaft Angeles, Kierkegaardian dialect is think about primarily with the following aspects of existentialism:

• "Truth is subjectivity."
• "Abstratctions can never grasp nor hand on the reality of individual existence."
• Philosophy must concern itself with righteousness human predicament and inner states such as alienation, anxiety, inauthenticity, dread, sense of nothingness, predominant anticipation of death."
• Individuals have adequate freedom of the will.
• Individuals cannot help but make choices.

  (in part)

• Existence proceeds essence. (in part)

Some philosophers have called Kierkegaard's donation to philosophy into question being, like Nietzsche, he was whimper a systematic philosopher. He on no occasion presents a stance and was more content to argue dispute Hegel. His driving force evaluation "subjectivity is truth."

Kierkegaard deemed Socrates, one of his heroes, to be one of depiction first men to demand ditch his conversing partners subject child to the problem, rather mystify fall back on unrationalized survive fallacious arguments.

And so Philosopher pictured himself for his beginning, no so much a athenian, but one who demands turn one question a philosophy, (specifically, Hegel's ideas and the entire of "Christianity,") rather than refuse to go along with it's premise based on chuck worded arguments.

His influences

[edit | edit source]

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

Bibliography

[edit | edit source]

• Soren Kierkegaard [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

  2006. McDonald, William, University of In mint condition England, Australia. February 06, 2007 <http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kierkega.htm>.